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Euphorbia olowaluana

Sherff (1936)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia

‘akoko [akoko], ‘ekoko [ekoko], koko, kōkōmālei [kokomalei]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees 2–9 m tall.

Stems: Stems 10–20(–30) cm in diameter, glabrous to pilose, especially at the nodes.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, distichous. Blades elliptic to lanceolate or rarely linear, 20–70 mm long, 4–15 mm wide. Apex acute, mucronulate, rarely retuse or truncate. Base cuneate, oblique. Surfaces glabrous or pilose on lower surfaces and at basal margin. Margins entire. Petioles 1–3 mm long, lower surface pilose to glabrate. Stipules acute to acuminate–triangular, 1–4 mm long, pilose to villous, erose, ciliate.

Flowers: Flowers in cyathia solitary in the leaf axils or on shortened, much–reduced branches, peduncles 1–3 mm long, glabrous to villous. involucre campanulate, 1.5–2(–2.5) mm high, 2–3 mm wide, glabrous or pilose beneath the glands, glands 4, pilose to villous. Flowers unisexual and highly reduced. Pistillate flowers solitary, on a gynophore; staminate flowers in 5 groups or cymules, each with 1 to several flowers. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Ovary superior; styles red, bifid at least half their length, 0.5–1 mm long, pubescent; stigma thickened.

Fruit: Capsules green; 2–3.5 mm long; glabrous to pilose; gynophores recurved; exserted 2–4 mm from involucre; pilose. Seeds gray to brown; 1.5–2 mm long; rugose.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Dry forest and open subalpine forest.

Elevation Range: 600–2,800 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Ethnobotanical Images

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Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bot. Gaz. 97: 580 (1936)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:611 (WM, H [as Chamaesyce olowaluana]); Govaerts et al. 2000:793/Yang & Berry 2011 (Syn. C. olowaluana = E. olowaluana)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Euphorbia olowaluana N Kona, Puuwaawaa, dry aa lava fields 3, mi W of Puuwaawaa Hill Dry `a`a lava field. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2 m high. Webster, G.L. 1855 Hawaii BISH 1948-06-21
2 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen c. 6' shrub from a localized population, nearly all inds. flowering. Takeuchi, W.N. 5702 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
3 Euphorbia olowaluana Mauna Kea, near Saddle road, Hamakua District Growing in Dodonaea- Railliardia- Eragrostis atropioides scrub grassland. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 8-10' tall. Cuddihy, L.W. 841 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-23
4 Euphorbia olowaluana West Maui, Lahaina District, Papalaua Gulch. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Pouteria, Chrysodracon, Diospyros, Nestegis, Coprosma, Santalum, Acacia, Myrsine, Leptecophylla, Wikstroemia, Alyxia, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Cocculus, Cyrtomium, bidens, Eragrostis, Erigeron, Lanatana, Oplismenus, Adiatum, Blechnum. Preserved_Specimen Occasional small trees 2-3 meters tall on steep slope. Oppenheimer, H.L. 11803 Maui BISH 2018-01-09
5 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub on a bare aa 100' from Chamaesyce cohort 5072. Takeuchi, W.N. 5703 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
6 Euphorbia olowaluana west Maui, Waikuku District, Kapilau Ridge, Waikapu side, 1st ridge north of Waikapu Valley on exposed ridgetop; vegetation: metrosideros, psidium, schinus, leptecophylla, lysimachia, bidens, dicranopteris, alyxia, sida, dianella Preserved_Specimen uncommon, many-branched shrub 1.75 m tall Oppenheimer, H.L. 91407 Maui BISH 2014-09-10
7 Euphorbia olowaluana Olowalu Valley, central ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2341 Maui BISH 1920-05-12
8 Euphorbia olowaluana West Maui, Papalaua gulch, Hanaula, Ukumehame rim Metrosideros, Diospyros, Pleomele, Styphelia, Coprosma foliosa, Nestegis, Melicope volcanica, Dodonaea, Lysimachia remyi, Doodia kunthiana, Wikstroemia, Pittosporum, Lantana, Buddleja, Psychotria Preserved_Specimen 2 m shrub; fruit Perlman, S. 18987 Maui BISH 2004-05-26
9 Euphorbia olowaluana North Kona, back of Puuwaawaa On lava. Preserved_Specimen A tall tree with a trunk of 8-12 in. in diam. Rock, J.F.C. 3593 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-01
10 Euphorbia olowaluana west Maui, Lahaina District, Manawainui Gulch, east fork Vegetation: Metrosideros, Diospyros, Nestegis, Dodonaea, Leptecophylla, Myrsine, Pleomele, Wikstroemia, Osteomeles, Bidens, Eragrostis, Panicum, Doodia, Asplenium, Cyrtandra, Clermontia, Cocculus, Trisetum, Pteridium, Asplenium, Erigeron, Senecio, Andropogon, Setaria Preserved_Specimen Occasional to 3m tall Oppenheimer, H.L. 101310 Maui BISH 2013-10-17
11 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa, rough lava Rough lava. Preserved_Specimen Low straggly tree. 3 m high. MacDaniels, L.H. 298 Hawaii BISH 1926-12-01
12 Euphorbia olowaluana Mauna Kea, NE section of Kukaiau Ranch, an open miniature forest, on rocky slopes Open miniature forest, on rocky slopes. Preserved_Specimen Christ, J.H. Hawaii BISH 1960-04-21
13 Euphorbia olowaluana S. Kohala District, about 45 miles from Hilo, 2 miles from Saddle road, gulch near Puu Kanalopakanui Growing with Sophora, Bidens menziesii, Coprosma, and Myoporum. Very light dry soil. Preserved_Specimen Tree 9' tall. Fruit green. Davis, J. 622 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-16
14 Euphorbia olowaluana N. Kona Distr., Puuwaawaa Ranch, along jeep road near Kapulehu lava flow Along jeep road near lava flow. Preserved_Specimen Tree 24 ft tall with a 7 in DBH. Bark smooth, gray. Numerous fine pendant branches. Herbst, D.R. 5483 Hawaii BISH 1975-09-24
15 Euphorbia olowaluana 5 mi SW of Puu Kapele Preserved_Specimen Small tree with milky sap. Fagerlund, G.O. 527 Hawaii BISH 1943-04-15
16 Euphorbia olowaluana N Kona, Puuwaawaa, dry aa lava fields Preserved_Specimen Shrub 2.5 m high. Webster, G.L. 1878 Hawaii BISH 1948-06-21
17 Euphorbia olowaluana East of Paupau, Lahaina Preserved_Specimen Small forest tree Degener, O. 19799 Maui BISH 1949-08-07
18 Euphorbia olowaluana W Maui, Kahoma ditch trail Preserved_Specimen Small trees to 15' tall. Hobdy, R.W. 733 Maui BISH 1979-12-11
19 Euphorbia olowaluana W Maui, Maunahuona(sp?) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1 Maui BISH 1910-05-01
20 Euphorbia olowaluana East of Paupau, Lahaina Preserved_Specimen Small forest tree Degener, O. 19799 Maui BISH 1949-08-07
21 Euphorbia olowaluana Parker Ranch, SSE of Keamuka Camp, ca. 1/2 mi W of Puu Heewai; on aa outcrop On `a`a outcrop. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4731 Hawaii BISH 1982-11-21
22 Euphorbia olowaluana Saddle rd, ca 0.3 mi S of Pohakuloa Park Station on E side of road Preserved_Specimen Small tree to 3 m. Leaves green above; pale glaucous, below. Sap milky. Fruit green, stigmas red-purple, anthers red-purple. Warshauer, F.R. 3914 Hawaii BISH 1979-03-04
23 Euphorbia olowaluana Lava flows of Puuwaawaa, N Kona Lava flows. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1955-12-09
24 Euphorbia olowaluana Hamakua District, Pohakuloa Training Area by the Ammunition Storage Bunkers near Puu Menehune Many trees in this area have witches brooms. Usually when the broom are about the size of this one they die, but persist the tree for some time. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 9718 Hawaii BISH 1995-05-12
25 Euphorbia olowaluana Locality illegible looks like Amaokaili Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 874 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-17
26 Euphorbia olowaluana North Kona, Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3593 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-01
27 Euphorbia olowaluana Pohakuloa, Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Fagerlind, F. 6125 Hawaii BISH 1948-01-29
28 Euphorbia olowaluana Pohakuloa, slopes of Mauna Kea, CCC Camp Preserved_Specimen Tree, 15 ft high. Usinger, R.L. 7 Hawaii BISH 1935-08-01
29 Euphorbia olowaluana Olowalu Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2242 Maui BISH 1920-05-07
30 Euphorbia olowaluana Pohakuloa Burn. Burn abore Pohakuloa Military Camp, Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Adee, K.T. Hawaii BISH
31 Euphorbia olowaluana East of Paupau, Lahaina Preserved_Specimen Small forest tree Degener, O. 19799 Maui BISH 1949-08-07
32 Euphorbia olowaluana Hamakua Distr., Saddle Road 8 mi W of Pohakuloa Preserved_Specimen Label greenish or reddish. Densely branching shrub 2 m high; cyath. glands dark Webster, G.L. 13999 Hawaii BISH 1968-06-30
33 Euphorbia olowaluana Makahalau Preserved_Specimen Christensen, C. 27911 Hawaii BISH 1961-11-01
34 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa, N Kona Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12968 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
35 Euphorbia olowaluana Kukaiau Ranch Preserved_Specimen Hitchcock, A.S. 14270 Hawaii BISH 1916-08-20
36 Euphorbia olowaluana Mauna Kea, enclosure at Puu Laau Preserved_Specimen McEldowney, H. 12 Hawaii BISH 1976-07-22
37 Euphorbia olowaluana Olowalu Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2341 Maui BISH 1920-05-12
38 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 6 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
39 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa, N Kona Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
40 Euphorbia olowaluana N. Kona Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 667 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-26
41 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 523 Hawaii BISH 1923-06-07
42 Euphorbia olowaluana Hualalai Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Hawaii BISH 1932-05-01
43 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Austin, C.J. Hawaii BISH 1912-01-01
44 Euphorbia olowaluana W side of Mauna Kea Preserved_Specimen Stien Hawaii BISH 1978-11-02
45 Euphorbia olowaluana Puu Koohi, btwn Pohakuloa and Omaokoili. Flat at foot of Puu Koohi Preserved_Specimen Bryan Jr., E.H. Hawaii BISH 1935-07-31
46 Euphorbia olowaluana N slope of Haualalai, Poohohoo Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Hawaii BISH 1946-07-17
47 Euphorbia olowaluana Slopes of Mauna Kea (Waikii) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 463 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
48 Euphorbia olowaluana Slopes of Mauna Kea (Waikii) Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 463 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
49 Euphorbia olowaluana Olowalu Valley, central ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2341 Maui BISH 1920-05-12
50 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub on a bare aa 100' from Chamaesyce cohort 5072. Takeuchi, W.N. 5703 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
51 Euphorbia olowaluana 0.5 mi NW of Puu Keekee, just SE of Parker Ranch fenceline; on rockpile On rockpile, vegetaion Myoporum-Chamaesyce dominant. Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4682 Hawaii BISH 1982-11-17
52 Euphorbia olowaluana Land of Keauhou 2 near Pulehua In arid forest of Myrsine, Dodonaea, Acacia koa and Santalum. Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 feet high. Nagata, K.M. 4236 Hawaii BISH 1992-01-25
53 Euphorbia olowaluana Hamakua Distr,. S slopes of Mauna Kea above Pohakuloa Woodland of Sophora and Myoporum. Preserved_Specimen Tall shrubs 4-6 m high, brs. pendulous at tips. Webster, G.L. 13988 Hawaii BISH 1968-06-29
54 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen c. 6' shrub from a localized population, nearly all inds. flowering. Takeuchi, W.N. 5702 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
55 Euphorbia olowaluana West Maui, Lahaina District, Ukumehame, west fork of Papalua Gulch, near Hanaula Ike. Vegetation: Diospyros, Metrosideros, Acacia, Planchonella, Nestegis, Leptecophylla, Chrysodracon, Dodonaea, Euphorbia, Myoporum, Santalum, Coprosma, Xylosma, Psychotria, Alyxia, Dryopteris, Panicum, Eragrostis, Carex, Doodia, Bidens, Peperomia, Lantana, Erigeron, Ageratina, Oplismenus. Preserved_Specimen Small trees 2-3 meters tall, with milky white sap. Scattered, mixed with E. multiformis. Oppenheimer, H.L. 41605 Maui BISH 2016-04-08
56 Euphorbia olowaluana Slope of Mauna Kea near Saddle Road, Hamakua District Growing on rocky ridge in Dodonaea-Railliardia - Eragrostis atropioides scrub grassland. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 8' tall with drooping branches. Cuddihy, L.W. 880 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-01
57 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa Arid aa lava desert. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8087 Hawaii BISH 1926-08-24
58 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen c. 6' shrub from a localized population, nearly all inds. flowering. Takeuchi, W.N. Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
59 Euphorbia olowaluana Saddle area near Mauna Kea. Along powerline road 1 mile from Saddle road Growing with Sophora and Myoporum. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 8' tall with 2 1/2 basal diam. Ripe fruit dark red, puberulous. Infrequent. Davis, J. 569 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-22
60 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen c. 6' shrub from a localized population, nearly all inds. flowering. Takeuchi, W.N. 5702 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
61 Euphorbia olowaluana Puu Holoholoku, S. Kohala District Of occasional abundance on ash substrate, growing in Dodonaea- Pennisetum scrub. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 2 1/2 ft. ht., 18 inches spread, 1/2 inch basal diameter. Clarke, G. 625 Hawaii BISH 1981-09-10
62 Euphorbia olowaluana N Kona DISTR. Puuwaawaa AUH. Tr 47(37); N slope of Hualalai; W of Puu Paha & S of Puuwaawaa Dry mamane-mixed native tree community with an exotic grass-native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Tree; 12cm Dbh; 3m tall; 2m bole. Exposed; ground rooted. Reticulated light gray bark. Jacobi, J.D. 1173 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-09
63 Euphorbia olowaluana Huehue, Kona In decadent dry forest on aa. Preserved_Specimen 3-15 ft. tall tree. Degener, O. 21817 Hawaii BISH 1952-02-11
64 Euphorbia olowaluana Makahalau. Side of gulch N of Mauna Kea summit Side of gulch N of Mauna Kea summit. Preserved_Specimen Tree 25-30 ft tall, erect up to 6 trunks. Christensen, C. 27825 Hawaii BISH 1961-12-09
65 Euphorbia olowaluana Puuwaawaa; relict dryland community near transect T20 Relict dryland community; among scattered Nothocestrum, Reynoldsia, and Xylosma. Preserved_Specimen Small shrub on a bare aa 100' from Chamaesyce cohort 5072. Takeuchi, W.N. 5703 Hawaii BISH 1989-12-26
66 Euphorbia olowaluana Between Puu Koohi and Waikahalulu Gulch north of Humuula Road, Mauna Kea Growing tangled with trees in a Myoporum-Sophora scrub forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree, 12', basal diam. 1, spread over 4'. Clarke, G. 466 Hawaii BISH 1980-07-03
67 Euphorbia olowaluana Shangri-La (at Puuwaawaa Ranch). Can just (+) see reservoir from left side of Puu (scarification side) near road to Sharyn La. on left side as you go out Closed tall savana. Associated species: fountain, mamane, naio, mistletoe. Preserved_Specimen Sapling 8.5 ft tall, 0.5 in Dbh. Flw and fruit. Montgomery, S.L. 68 Hawaii BISH 1971-07-27
68 Euphorbia olowaluana Saddle road, between Waikii and Kilohana Camp, Mauna Kea side Small gulch, steep walls, about 300' from road, in pasture. Other vegetation consists of mamane, naio, pilo, ulei, ferns, and grasses. Preserved_Specimen Tree 7' tall, spread of 4', basal diam. 1. Ripe fruit dark red. Branchlets drooping. Davis, J. 517 Hawaii BISH 1981-06-14
69 Euphorbia olowaluana N Kona DISTR. Keauhou 2 AUH. Tr 56(31/32); Btwn Mauna Loa & Hualalai; N of Puu Keanui & Puu Pohakuloa Dry koa-mamane community with an exotic grass and scattered native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Tree; 20cm Bd; 6m tall; 2 trunks. Exposed; ground rooted. Jacobi, J.D. 1196 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-10
70 Euphorbia olowaluana Saddle road, between waikii and Kilohana Camp Small gulch with steep walls, Mauna Kea side, about 300' from road. In pasture. Other vegetation consists of mamane, naio, pilo, ulei, ferns, and grasses. Preserved_Specimen Tree 9 ft. tall, basal daim. 1 1/2. Branchlets drooping. Davis, J. 518 Hawaii BISH 1981-06-14
71 Euphorbia olowaluana Near Keanakolu, mauka of Kukaiau Dryish cattle range. Preserved_Specimen Single tree. Degener, O. 19824 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-23
72 Euphorbia olowaluana N of Pohakuloa, Mauna Kea Dry, sheep-infested shrubby slope. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 19784 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-18
73 Euphorbia olowaluana Olowalu Valley, central ridge Central ridge Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2341 Maui BISH 1920-05-12
74 Euphorbia olowaluana Auwahi Ahupuaa, South slope of Haleakala, between the bottom of Transect 27 and the top of Transect 28. Dry exotic grassland with native and exotic shrubs and scattered native trees. Preserved_Specimen Sapling, 6 cm Bd, 3 m tall. Warshauer, F.R. 2700 Maui BISH 1980-06-24
75 Euphorbia olowaluana Hamakua DISTR> Up Paauahau AHU. TR 101(33); NW slopes of Mauna kea; 0.1-0.7 km N of Auwaialealia Gulch Dry mamane woodland with an exotic grass and scattered native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen Tree; 20cm Bd; 8m tall; pendant branches. Higashino, P.K. 9519 Hawaii BISH 1981-01-21
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