Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis

Kük. (1936)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Cyperaceae Genus: Cyperus

‘ahu‘awa haole [ahuawa haole], umbrella sedge

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Flowers:

Fruit:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: H.G.A.Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 20(101): 193 (1936)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1395 (Mi, K, O, M [as Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis]); Tucker 1994:20/Strong & Wagner 1997:41 (NOM:Syn. C. alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis); Imada et al. 2000:11 (H); Staples & Herbst 2005:656 (KEY, DESCR); Oppenheimer 2007:23 (Mo); Imada et al. 2008:12 (L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. hanamalu beach park. end oh hehi road. along kapaia stream near the river mouth. collected as part of the kisc 2007 early detection roadside survey. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. tangalin 1372 NY 6/5/2007
2 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. About 100 m inland of boat dock, near remains of old buildings. In disturbed area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Charles H. Lamoureux 2276 Eastern PTBG 12/16/1962
3 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Hanamalu Beach Park. End of Hehi Road. Along Kapaia Stream near the river mouth. Collected as part of KISC 2007 Early Detection Roadside Survey. KISC #20070605A010. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1372 Kauai PTBG 6/5/2007
4 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Wailua Valley, along stream bank near Keahou. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80506 Molokai PTBG 8/13/2005
5 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Lawai Valley, PTBG. Along Lawai Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 731 Kauai PTBG 1/5/1984
6 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W. Maui, Kahana. In ohia/uluhe wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H60401 Maui PTBG 6/9/2004
7 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Public Hunting Area #1, above Waimea. Along overflow stream from Kekaha ditch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1053 Kauai PTBG 4/1/1985
8 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. lawai, national tropical botanical garden, bamboo bridge. growing near stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. t. beck & l. jackson-beck 1212 Kauai US 8/10/1990
9 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. About 100 m inland of boat dock near remains of old building. Midway Atoll - Eastern Island PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lamoureux, C. H. 2276 Oahu US 12/16/1962
10 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Along stream bank, Waipahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E. Y. 1279 Oahu US 2/24/1935
11 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge, Kahuku, in vicinity of bird-viewing gazebo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C. T.; Engilis, A.; Duk, T. 92-30 Oahu US 4/5/1992
12 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. kaneohe, heeia wetland PRESERVED_SPECIMEN l. crago, c. imada & c. chun 2005-055 Oahu US 2/11/2005
13 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Kaneohe, Heeia Wetland PRESERVED_SPECIMEN L. Crago, C. Imada & C. Chun 2005-055 Oahu US 2/11/2005
14 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. james campbell national wildlife refuge, kahuku, in vicinity of bird-viewing gazebo PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. imada, a. engilis & t. duk 92-30 Kauai US 4/5/1992
15 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W. Maui, Lahaina Districts, Kahana PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H. L.; Hansen, G. H60401 Maui US 6/9/2004
16 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W. Maui, Lahaina Districts, Kahana PRESERVED_SPECIMEN H. L. Oppenheimer & G. Hansen H60401 Maui US 6/9/2004
17 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. along stream bank, waipahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN e. y. hosaka 1279 Maui US 2/24/1935
18 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu, 2365 Oahu Ave In rockery. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 10496 Oahu BISH 4/27/1930
19 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Hanamalu Beach Park. End oh Hehi Road. Along Kapaia Stream near the river mouth. Collected as part of the KISC 2007 Early Detection Roadside Survey. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tangalin, N. 1372 Kauai US 6/5/2007
20 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Lawai, National Tropical Botanical Garden, Bamboo Bridge. Growing near stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Beck, H. T.; Jackson-Beck, L. A. 1212 Kauai US 8/10/1990
21 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu, 2365 oahu ave In rockery. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 10496 Oahu BISH 4/27/1930
22 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Kawainui Marsh, Northend of dike road on Marsh side Scattered on muddy banks of marsh intermixed with other vegetation in 2-3 inches of water to upper bank areas of wet soil. Also visable across canal on floating mat vegetation of Kawai Nui Marsh. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. MacMillan, S.B. Collector Number: 2005-012 Oahu BISH 1/20/2005
23 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. UH campus, Sherman Laboratory Growing directly on a cement surface where water drips constantly. Receiving full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1687 Oahu BISH 11/27/1985
24 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W. Maui, Honokahua, Namalu Bay. Near sea level. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H30130 Maui PTBG 3/23/2001
25 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. kilauea, volcano house PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 323 Hawaii BISH 2/12/1943
26 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. anini beach rd, ca one half mile e of anini beach park In sandy much along ditch S of rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 1663 Kauai BISH 4/23/1986
27 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu: manoa valley; university of hawaii manoa campus, sherman laboratory Growing directly on a cement surface where water drips constantly. Receiving full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1687 Oahu BISH 11/27/1985
28 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. sand island In middle of an immense bog; a small Panicum found nearby occasionally. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neff, j.a. dumont, p.a. collector number: 34 Maui BISH 11/1/1954
29 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Puu Kalena, Waianae Mts, Waianae Kai Cultivated by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 12978 Oahu BISH 3/12/1933
30 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Kilauea, Volcano House PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 323 Hawaii BISH 2/12/1943
31 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Heeia Wetland, Kaneohe, Oahu Growing in large floating clumps, sometimes rooted, emergent to 4 ft of water. Other species Brachiaria mutica, Ludwigia octovalvis, Coix lacryma-jobi. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. Imada, C.; Chun, C. Collector Number: 2005-055 Oahu BISH 2/11/2005
32 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. w maui, lahaina district, kahana Growing in Ohia/Uluhe Wet Forest with Rubus argutus and R. discolor. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. hansen, g. collector number: h60401 Maui BISH 6/9/2004
33 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Wailau Valley, along stream bank near Keahou along stream bank near Keahou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H80506 Molokai BISH 8/13/2005
34 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu District, UH campus, behind EW Center Growing along Manoa Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 316 Oahu BISH 2/18/1967
35 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. manele bay, along coastal trail heading west PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. james, s.a.; imada, p. collector number: 2007-18 Molokai BISH 12/9/2007
36 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island. W end of inner harbor Growing in rubbish pile. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 6387 Midway Atoll BISH 6/29/1980
37 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Waipahu Along stream bank. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 1279 Oahu BISH 2/24/1935
38 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Wailau Valley, along stream bank near Keahou along stream bank near Keahou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80506 Molokai BISH 8/13/2005
39 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu By ditch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krauss, N.L.H. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/18/1943
40 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Kawainui Marsh, Northend of dike road on Marsh side Scattered on muddy banks of marsh intermixed with other vegetation in 2-3 inches of water to upper bank areas of wet soil. Also visable across canal on floating mat vegetation of Kawai Nui Marsh. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-012 Oahu BISH 1/20/2005
41 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. puu kalena, waianae mts, waianae kai Cultivated by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 12978 Oahu BISH 3/12/1933
42 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Trailside, old homestead, Waianae Valley, Waianae District PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Baker, R.J. s.n. Oahu BISH 3/12/1933
43 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN webb, l. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 11/7/1930
44 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu: makiki heights, f.g.w. cooper estate In flower garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN garber, d.w. collector number: 540 Oahu BISH 3/25/1921
45 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island. Near Boy Scout Cabin PreservedSpecimen Lamoureux, C.H. Collector Number: 2300 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 12/17/1962
46 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. lawai valley, ptbg Geo. Potter's place. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 731 Maui BISH 1/5/1984
47 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. eastern island. ca. 100 m inland of boat dock In disturbed area near remains of old buildings. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lamoureux, c.h. collector number: 2276 Midway Atoll BISH 12/16/1962
48 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neff, J.A. 34 Midway Atoll BISH 11/1/1954
49 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. waipahu Along stream bank. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1279 Oahu BISH 2/24/1935
50 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. kawainui marsh, northend of dike road on marsh side Scattered on muddy banks of marsh intermixed with other vegetation in 2-3 inches of water to upper bank areas of wet soil. Also visable across canal on floating mat vegetation of Kawai Nui Marsh. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. macmillan, s.b. collector number: 2005-012 Oahu BISH 1/20/2005
51 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Webb, L. Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH 11/7/1930
52 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Haleiwa Back Water, Sands Restaurant Scattered on flat slope clay soil. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN McCulloch, R. 12 Oahu BISH 4/11/1975
53 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. trailside, old homestead, waianae valley, waianae district PRESERVED_SPECIMEN baker, r.j. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 3/12/1933
54 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Manele Bay, along coastal trail heading west Soggy seep area along coastal trail. Associated in seep with other wetland plants such as Eleocharis geniculata, Echinochloa colona, Kyllinga brevifolia, Paspalum urvillei. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. James, S.A.; Imada, P. Collector Number: 2007-18 Lanai BISH 12/9/2007
55 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island PreservedSpecimen Neff, J.A. DuMont, P.A. Collector Number: 34 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen
56 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island. W end of inner harbor Growing in rubbish pile. PreservedSpecimen Herbst, D.R. Takeuchi, W.N. Collector Number: 6387 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 6/29/1980
57 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Eastern Island. ca. 100 m inland of boat dock In disturbed area near remains of old buildings. PreservedSpecimen Lamoureux, C.H. Collector Number: 2276 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 12/16/1962
58 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Midway Atoll PreservedSpecimen Meagher, V.J. Collector Number: s.n. Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 7/7/1933
59 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Eastern Island. ca. 100 m inland of boat dock In disturbed area near remains of old buildings. PreservedSpecimen Lamoureux, C.H. Collector Number: 2276 Midway Atoll BISH Specimen 12/16/1962
60 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Anini beach rd, ca one half mile E of Anini beach park In sandy much along ditch S of rd. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1663 Kauai BISH 4/23/1986
61 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu By ditch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krauss, N.L.H. Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH 1/18/1943
62 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Nuuanu, Honolulu Wet ground. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Inafuku, R. s.n. Oahu BISH 2/1/1931
63 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Heeia Wetland, Kaneohe, Oahu Growing in large floating clumps, sometimes rooted, emergent to 4 ft of water. Other species Brachiaria mutica, Ludwigia octovalvis, Coix lacryma-jobi. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-055 Oahu BISH 2/11/2005
64 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu By ditch. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN krauss, n.l.h. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 1/18/1943
65 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Hamakua District, Waipio Valley Sedge 5 ft. tall collected alongside dirt road in lower part of valley in marshy land, along with Diplazium esculentum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Collector Number: 99-26 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
66 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. sand island. near boy scout cabin PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lamoureux, c.h. collector number: 2300 Midway Atoll BISH 12/17/1962
67 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu, Manoa Valley area, in the garden at 3115 Kaloaluiki Place, the home of A. Kadowaki In garden, grown potted. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kadowaki, A. 713 Oahu BISH 11/10/1990
68 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Lawai Valley, PTBG Common along Lawai Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 731 Kauai BISH 1/5/1984
69 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. wailau valley, along stream bank near keahou along stream bank near Keahou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80506 Molokai BISH 8/13/2005
70 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Eastern Island. ca. 100 m inland of boat dock In disturbed area near remains of old buildings. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lamoureux, C.H. 2276 Midway Atoll BISH 12/16/1962
71 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. sand island. w end of inner harbor Growing in rubbish pile. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. takeuchi, w.n. collector number: 6387 Midway Atoll BISH 6/29/1980
72 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. 94-210 Kahualii St, Waipahu Loam soil 0% slope. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Elia, H.V.K. he 27 Oahu BISH 4/6/1971
73 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. kahuku; james campbell national wildlife refuge; in vicinity of bird-viewing gazebo Growing at edge of Brachiaria mutica zone on dry land near parking area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. engilis, a.; dr.duk, mccafferty, t. collector number: 92-30 Oahu BISH 4/5/1992
74 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W Maui, Paukukalo Coastal fresh water swamps. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 971 Maui BISH 1/10/1981
75 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Manele Bay, along coastal trail heading west Soggy seep area along coastal trail. Associated in seep with other wetland plants such as Eleocharis geniculata, Echinochloa colona, Kyllinga brevifolia, Paspalum urvillei. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 2007-18 Lanai BISH 12/9/2007
76 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. w maui, paukukalo Coastal fresh water swamps. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 971 Maui BISH 1/10/1981
77 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. 94-210 kahualii st, waipahu Rare, in grass plot. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN elia, h.v.k. collector number: he 27 Hawaii BISH 4/6/1971
78 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Sand Island. Near Boy Scout Cabin PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lamoureux, C.H. 2300 Midway Atoll BISH 12/17/1962
79 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W Maui, Lahaina District, Kahana Growing in Ohia/Uluhe Wet Forest with Rubus argutus and R. discolor. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H60401 Maui BISH 6/9/2004
80 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. haleiwa back water, sands restaurant PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mcculloch, r. collector number: 12 Oahu BISH 4/11/1975
81 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu, manoa valley area, in the garden at 3115 kaloaluiki place, the home of a. kadowaki In garden, grown potted. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN kadowaki, a. staples iii, g.w. collector number: 713 Oahu BISH 11/10/1990
82 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Webb, L. s.n. Oahu BISH 11/7/1930
83 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Honolulu: Makiki Heights, F.G.W. Cooper Estate In flower garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Garber, D.W. 540 Oahu BISH 3/25/1921
84 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. hamakua district, waipio valley Sedge 5 ft. tall collected alongside dirt road in lower part of valley in marshy land, along with Diplazium esculentum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. collector number: 99-26 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
85 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. uh campus, sherman laboratory Growing directly on a cement surface where water drips constantly. Receiving full sun. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1687 Oahu BISH 11/27/1985
86 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. W Maui, Lahaina District, Kahana Growing in Ohia/Uluhe Wet Forest with Rubus argutus and R. discolor. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Hansen, G. Collector Number: H60401 Maui BISH 6/9/2004
87 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Kahuku; James Campbell National Wildlife Refuge; in vicinity of bird-viewing gazebo Growing at edge of Brachiaria mutica zone on dry land near parking area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 92-30 Oahu BISH 4/5/1992
88 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. heeia wetland, kaneohe, oahu Forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c.; chun, c. collector number: 2005-055 Oahu BISH 2/11/2005
89 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. honolulu district, uh campus, behind ew center On dead stump of Aleurites. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. collector number: 316 Hawaii BISH 2/18/1967
90 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. about 100 m inland of boat dock near remains of old building. midway atoll - eastern island Crevices of cliffs PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. h. lamoureux 2276 Maui F 12/16/1962
91 Cyperus alternifolius subsp. flabelliformis Kük. Hamakua District, Waipio Valley Sedge 5 ft. tall collected alongside dirt road in lower part of valley in marshy land, along with Diplazium esculentum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 99-26 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999