img

Diplazium esculentum

(Retz.) Sw. (1803)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Pteridophyta Class/Clade: Polypodiopsida Order: Polypodiales Family: Athyriaceae Genus: Diplazium

edible fern, hō‘i‘o [hoio], paca, pohole, vegetable fern, warabi

img

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Sori:

Gametophyte:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

img

Synonyms (40)

Anisogonium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl (1836)
Anisogonium serampurense C.Presl (1836)
Anisogonium serrulatum C.Presl (1836)
Asplenium ambiguum Sw. (1801)
Asplenium bipinnatum Roxb. (1844)
Asplenium esculentum (Retz.) C.Presl (1825)
Asplenium malabaricum (Spreng.) Mett. (1856)
Asplenium manilense Spreng. (1827)
Asplenium moritzii Mett. (1856)
Asplenium proliferum Wall. (1829)
Asplenium puberulum Wall. (1830)
Asplenium serrulatum C.Presl (1825)
Asplenium umbrosum Mett. (1856)
Asplenium vitiense Baker (1867)
Athyrium ambiguum (Sw.) Milde (1870)
Athyrium esculentum (Retz.) Copel. (1908)
Athyrium serrulatum Milde (1870)
Callipteris ambigua (Sw.) T.Moore (1857)
Callipteris esculenta (Retz.) J.Sm. (1851)
Callipteris esculenta var. pubescens (Link) Ching (1984)
Callipteris malabarica (Spreng.) J.Sm. (1841)
Callipteris serampurensis Fée (1852)
Callipteris serrulata Fée (1852)
Callipteris wallichii J.Sm. (1841)
Digrammaria ambigua (Sw.) Hook. (1840)
Digrammaria esculenta (Retz.) Fée (1852)
Diplazium esculentum var. pubescens (Link) Tardieu & C.Chr. (1940)
Diplazium malabaricum Spreng. (1827)
Diplazium manilense (Spreng.) C.Chr. (1905)
Diplazium pubescens Link (1833)
Diplazium serampurense Spreng. (1821)
Diplazium umbrosum Moritz (1845)
Diplazium vitiense (Baker) Carruth. (1873)
Gymnogramma edulis Ces. (1876)
Hemionitis esculenta Retz. (1791)
Hemionitis incisa Blanco (1837)
Microstegia ambigua (Sw.) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia esculenta (Retz.) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia pubescens (Link) C.Presl (1851)
Microstegia serrulata C.Presl (1851)

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Not in flora
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean
Wind

Vegetative Reproduction

Bibliography

Name Published In: J. Bot. (Schrader) 1801(2) 312 (1803)

Other References

Palmer 2003:125 (K, O, L, M, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:29 (DESCR); Oppenheimer 2007:21 (Mo); Faccenda, Arthur, et al. 2025:163 (remove L [no evidence of nat.])

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Diplazium esculentum Kailua wet gully PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 409 Maui BISH 11/14/1978
2 Diplazium esculentum Puhi Camp, W of Kauai Community College yard of abandoned homesite PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1656 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
3 Diplazium esculentum Wailau Valley, along Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
4 Diplazium esculentum Hilo, H.Kai's garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 28069 Hawaii BISH 5/16/1930
5 Diplazium esculentum kailua Silty loam soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN staples, g.w. collector number: 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
6 Diplazium esculentum waipio valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
7 Diplazium esculentum Kailua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Staples, G. 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
8 Diplazium esculentum Puna, 13 Miles. Abandoned garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 35029 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1967
9 Diplazium esculentum waipio valley taro patch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
10 Diplazium esculentum honolulu, foster gardens PRESERVED_SPECIMEN potter, c. neal, m.c. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 6/8/1960
11 Diplazium esculentum e kahanu gardens, 5 mi w of hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 55437 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
12 Diplazium esculentum uh manoa campus, loi kalo garden below dole st PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. Oahu BISH 8/11/1992
13 Diplazium esculentum Waipio Valley taro patch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 21793 Hawaii BISH 2/7/1952
14 Diplazium esculentum Morgan Toledo Taro Farm, Waipio Valley, Big Island, Hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
15 Diplazium esculentum ranae ganske property, wailuku, maui, hawaii PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c. collector number: 2005-190 Kauai BISH 8/11/2005
16 Diplazium esculentum Wailau Valley, along Kahawaiiki Stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
17 Diplazium esculentum wailau valley, along kahawaiiki stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80503 Molokai BISH 8/12/2005
18 Diplazium esculentum Ranae Ganske Property, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. Imada, C. Collector Number: 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
19 Diplazium esculentum wailau valley, along kahawaiiki stream Occasional in pasture; dry place. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h80503 Hawaii BISH 8/12/2005
20 Diplazium esculentum Morgan Toledo Taro Farm, Waipio Valley, Big Island, Hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. Imada, C.; Erickson, T.; Puttock, C. Collector Number: 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
21 Diplazium esculentum morgan toledo taro farm, waipio valley, big island, hawaii Growing at back of property along road, and in wet depression. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c.; erickson, t.; puttock, c. collector number: 2005-097 Hawaii BISH 3/19/2005
22 Diplazium esculentum puna, 13 miles. Abandoned garden. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. degener, i. collector number: 35029 Hawaii BISH 5/1/1967
23 Diplazium esculentum Puna pasture near house PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 28070 Hawaii BISH 5/2/1930
24 Diplazium esculentum puna PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 28070 Kauai BISH 5/2/1930
25 Diplazium esculentum hilo, h.kai's garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 28069 Hawaii BISH 5/16/1930
26 Diplazium esculentum n slope of kapoho crater pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. collector number: 6882 Hawaii BISH 2/4/1984
27 Diplazium esculentum E Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi W of Hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55437 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
28 Diplazium esculentum E Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi W of Hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
29 Diplazium esculentum hamakua district, waipio valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. collector number: 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
30 Diplazium esculentum papaikou PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5152 Oahu BISH 1/15/1975
31 Diplazium esculentum Hamakua District, Waipio Valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
32 Diplazium esculentum Kahanu Gardens, 5 mi. W of Hana in shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa; large colony PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fosberg, F.R. 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
33 Diplazium esculentum bishop museum courtyard PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wilson, k.a. staples iii, g.w. collector number: 1753 Oahu BISH 7/19/1989
34 Diplazium esculentum Waipio Village guava thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 24013 Hawaii BISH 1/1/1950
35 Diplazium esculentum e kahanu gardens, 5 mi w of hana shade in thick Aleurites-Pandanus woods on aa lava PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fosberg, f.r. collector number: 55436 Maui BISH 4/13/1974
36 Diplazium esculentum N slope of Kapoho Crater pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stemmermann, R.L. 6882 Hawaii BISH 2/4/1984
37 Diplazium esculentum Bishop Museum courtyard PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wilson, K.A. 1753 Oahu BISH 7/19/1989
38 Diplazium esculentum ranae ganske property, wailuku, maui, hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN crago, l.m. imada, c. collector number: 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
39 Diplazium esculentum Kailua; Purchased in produce section of Holiday Mart store. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN George Staples 815 Oahu PTBG 4/1/1992
40 Diplazium esculentum kailua wet gully PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 409 Maui BISH 11/14/1978
41 Diplazium esculentum kaala along road at summit in a gully Most plants growing in small gully on weedy roadside, but plants starting to spread into native forest. Naturalized, many size classes. Metrosideros polymorpha, Rubus argutus dominant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN us army beachy, j.; welsh, k.; hawkins, j.; hardman, m. collector number: usarmy 218 Oahu BISH 8/17/2011
42 Diplazium esculentum Hamakua District, Waipio Valley, ca. 2 miles into the valley Common roadside fern in swampy habitats, along with Cyperus involucratus, Paspalum conjugatum, Alocasia cucullata. Incorrectly called hoio (a native relative of this fern). PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Collector Number: 99-38 Hawaii BISH 6/19/1999
43 Diplazium esculentum waipio village guava thicket PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. hatheway, w.h. collector number: 24013 Hawaii BISH 1/1/1950
44 Diplazium esculentum no further locality PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. CM 5/12/1962
45 Diplazium esculentum hilo public library cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. CM 6/29/1962
46 Diplazium esculentum puna; nanawale forest reserve road. cultivated in coastal forest (native to wet places in india and indonesia). associated with hala forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN brand brand 7 MO 3/11/1998
47 Diplazium esculentum 13 miles, puna. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 35029 NY 5/7/1967
48 Diplazium esculentum waipio valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 21793 NY 2/7/1952
49 Diplazium esculentum Wailau Valley. Along Kahawaiiiki Stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80503 Molokai PTBG 8/12/2005
50 Diplazium esculentum Papaikou, in wet, open pasture by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5152 Hawaii US 1/15/1975
51 Diplazium esculentum fern growing in wet gully, kailua, maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN r. hobdy 409 Maui US 11/14/1979
52 Diplazium esculentum Puhi Camp, west of Kauai Community College. From yard of abandoned home-site. Cultivated. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1656 Kauai PTBG 4/4/1986
53 Diplazium esculentum E. Maui, Wailua. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H60117 Maui PTBG 6/11/2001
54 Diplazium esculentum papaikou, in wet, open pasture by stream. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5152 Hawaii US 1/15/1975
55 Diplazium esculentum fern growing in wet gully, Kailua, Maui PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R. 409 Maui US 11/14/1979
56 Diplazium esculentum Papaikou wet, open pasture by stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5152 Hawaii BISH 1/15/1975
57 Diplazium esculentum UH Manoa Campus, Loi Kalo garden below Dole St PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. s.n. Oahu BISH 8/11/1992
58 Diplazium esculentum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener & isa degener 35020 US 5/3/1969
59 Diplazium esculentum hilo public library PRESERVED_SPECIMEN aborn, r. s.n. WIS 6/29/1962
60 Diplazium esculentum Ranae Ganske Property, Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Growing at edge of road and auwai, where water spills over. Mixed in with Ipomoea alba, Hedychium coronarium, Syzygium cumini, Coix lachryma-jobi. Very wet. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Crago, L.M. 2005-190 Maui BISH 8/11/2005
61 Diplazium esculentum Kaala along road at summit in a gully Most plants growing in small gully on weedy roadside, but plants starting to spread into native forest. Naturalized, many size classes. Metrosideros polymorpha, Rubus argutus dominant. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Beachy, J. USARMY 218 Oahu BISH 8/17/2011
62 Diplazium esculentum n slope of kapoho crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. collector number: 6882 Oahu BISH 2/4/1984
63 Diplazium esculentum Kailua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Staples, G.W. Collector Number: 815 Oahu BISH 4/1/1992
64 Diplazium esculentum puhi camp, w of kauai community college yard of abandoned homesite PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. hume, l. collector number: 1656 Kauai BISH 4/4/1986
Back to Top