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Dracaena forbesii

(O.Deg.) Jankalski (2008)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae Genus: Dracaena

hala pepe, le‘ie [leie]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees 3–7 m tall.

Stems: Usually few–branched.

Roots: Fibrous root system.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, spiral. Blades linear, gradually tapering from near middle, 24–37 cm long, 0.5–0.7(–1.2) cm wide. Base sessile. Blades subcoriaceous. Margins entire. Veins parallel. Sessile. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in panicles narrow, slightly glaucous, ca. 15–35 cm long, the lower lateral branches ca. 3–8 cm long, peduncles 7–12 cm long, abruptly recurved. Flowers bisexual (perfect); pedicels 7–14 mm long. Perianth greenish yellow, somewhat glaucous and translucent, 52–60 mm long, tube 36–41 mm long, constricted basal part ca. 3–4.5 mm long, lobes slightly spreading, 13–16 mm long. Stamens 6; anthers 4–6 mm long. Ovary superior, 3-celled; ovules 1 per cell; style filiform; stigma capitate or slightly lobed.

Fruit: Berries red; ca. 10–11 mm long. Seeds 1–3; 7–9 mm long.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in dry forest and diverse mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 240–730 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

O'ahu Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sansevieria 18: 21 (2008)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1352 (as Pleomele forbesii/O); Jankalski 2008:21 (proposed transfer to COMBNOV Dracaena forbesii); Lu & Morden 2014:101 (COMBNOV, Pleomele forbesii = Chrysodracon forbesii)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN grant, m.l. collector number: 7043 Oahu BISH 7/11/1934
2 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 1149 Oahu BISH 5/27/1973
3 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 12961 MPM 8/3/1940
4 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information In Oahu diverse mesic forest with Alectryon, Elaeocarpus, Pouteria, Antidesma, Pisonia, Charpentiera, Melicope, Freycinetia, Claoxylon, Hibiscus, Pipturus, Passiflora suberosa, Labordia, Platydesma, Athyrium sandwichianum, Neraudia. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN perlman, s.p. obata, j. collector number: 6114 Oahu BISH 6/28/1987
5 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 3274 Oahu BISH 1/20/1987
6 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Off crest of Makaha-Waianae Kai Ridge, opp side of upper reaches of Kumaipo stream; along ridge top near the two "pinnacle rocks" but slightly below it; associated with native trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. 85-572 Oahu BISH 7/14/1985
7 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH
8 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. shimabukoro, c. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 8/8/1984
9 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry shrubby hill PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 5553 Oahu BISH 1/27/1929
10 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 20230 Oahu BISH 5/4/1941
11 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Dry bare ridge in decadent forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. park, k.k. collector number: 4195 Oahu BISH 9/28/1930
12 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1798.0 BISH 4/26/1912
13 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. s.n. Oahu BISH
14 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information decadent forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11120 Oahu BISH 3/12/1937
15 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11122 Oahu BISH 5/12/1936
16 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry shrubby hill PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. bush, w. collector number: 5553 Oahu BISH 1/27/1929
17 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information S side of valley, on slopes in mostly alien vegetation with Sapindus, Rauvolfia, Erythrina, Diospyros, Reynoldsia, Leucaena leucocephala, Passiflora suberosa, Panicum maximum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN perlman, s.p. obata, j. collector number: 5579 Oahu BISH 4/9/1987
18 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN swezey, o.h. williams, f.x.; yuncker, t.g.; hosaka, e.y. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 10/23/1932
19 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Off ridge top, opp side of Kumaipo Stream upper reaches; along a sub-ridge crest; hanging over ridge top PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. 85-577 Oahu BISH 7/14/1985
20 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information lower dry forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 21535 Oahu BISH 3/17/1946
21 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. takawoto collector number: 11122 Oahu BISH 5/12/1936
22 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1798.O Oahu BISH 4/26/1912
23 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry foothills PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 5554 Oahu BISH 5/5/1928
24 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. et al. collector number: jo(85)-577 Oahu BISH 7/14/1985
25 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Drier slopes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. salucop, f. collector number: 11506 Molokai BISH 10/24/1937
26 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 5/24/1992
27 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH
28 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. palmer, d. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 4/1/1970
29 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 5554 Oahu BISH 5/5/1928
30 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 3093 Oahu BISH 9/28/1973
31 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN higashino, p.k. collector number: 5413 Kauai BISH 2/20/1977
32 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. s.n. Oahu BISH 5/24/1992
33 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information On ridge between Kukuiala Gulch (1st from W end) and 2nd gulch from W end of Mokuleia; dry slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 14095 Oahu BISH 2/4/1934
34 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Obata, J.K. s.n. Oahu BISH 4/1/1970
35 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Athyrium, Dryopteris, Sadleria, Acacia and Psidium PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. spence, g.; gagne, w. collector number: 1149 Maui BISH 5/27/1973
36 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information wet forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. pyle, l.; tate, b. collector number: 3529 Oahu BISH 4/25/1987
37 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; martinez; salucop, f. 11120 F 3/12/1937
38 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information decadent forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. martinez, m.; salucop, f. collector number: 11120 Oahu BISH 3/12/1937
39 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Decadent dry forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener O; Salucop F Degener, O; Salucop, F 11506 L 10/24/1937
40 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 4195 NY 9/28/1930
41 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 5579 Oahu PTBG 4/9/1987
42 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Non-native Schinus-Melinus, mixed cliff community observed during rappel. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 10632 Oahu PTBG 3/30/2004
43 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 5636 Oahu PTBG 4/16/1987
44 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 2498 Oahu PTBG 4/7/1993
45 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; felix salucop DBG 11/7/1937
46 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information In Metrosideros lowland wet forest with Alyxia, Canthium, Nestegis, Chamaesyce, Psidium, Antidesma, Pleomele, Claoxylon, Urera, Nothocestrum longiflorum, Zanthoxylum, Embelia, Pisonia, Bobea, Psychotria, Scaevola, Melicope, Astelia, Labordia, Perrottetia PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. 5636 Oahu BISH 4/16/1987
47 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information steep fern & Rubus tangled slope, North facing. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. park, k.k.; kwon, m.; krauss, n. collector number: 5550 Kauai BISH 11/1/1931
48 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 20230 Oahu BISH 5/4/1941
49 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. tate, b. collector number: 2344 Oahu BISH 9/1/1985
50 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 3529 Oahu BISH 4/25/1987
51 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN John Obata s.n. Oahu PTBG 5/24/1992
52 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; salucop, f. 11506 DUKE 10/24/1937
53 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information In Metrosideros lowland wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 5636 Oahu PTBG 4/16/1987
54 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Steve Perlman 5579 Oahu PTBG 4/9/1987
55 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Metrosideros Lowland Mesic Forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 3045 Oahu PTBG 3/1/1994
56 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wilkes explor. exped. s.n. Oahu US 1838-08-07
57 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information lower semi-arid native forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN A.L. Chock 68 UBC 1/8/1950
58 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN F. Werny 16 UBC 12/8/1959
59 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Wet forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN swezey, o.h. williams, f.x.; yuncker, t.g.; hosaka, e.y. collector number: s.n. Maui US 10/23/1932
60 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. g. yuncker & e. y. hosaka 3212 Oahu US 10/23/1932
61 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener, -- martinez & -- salucop 11120 Oahu US 3/12/1937
62 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & f. salucop 11506 Oahu US 10/24/1937
63 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john 20230 Oahu US 5/4/1941
64 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. st. john 14095 Oahu US 2/4/1934
65 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Mesic forest. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 21022 Hawaii US 4/2/1950
66 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & k. park 5549 Oahu US 4/12/1931
67 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN obata, j.k. et al. collector number: jo(85)-572 Kauai US 7/14/1985
68 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & g. dawson 12961 Oahu US 8/3/1940
69 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, otto; salucop 11506 WTU 10/10/1937
70 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. mcmillan UT 11/8/1946
71 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 7830-A Oahu PTBG 6/11/1999
72 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. spence, g.; gagne, w. collector number: 1149 Oahu BISH 5/27/1973
73 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 2344 Oahu BISH 9/1/1985
74 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN abbott, i. a. s.n. CAS 5/10/1941
75 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information In Oahu diverse mesic forest with Alectryon, Elaeocarpus, Pouteria, Antidesma, Pisonia, Charpentiera, Melicope, Freycinetia, Claoxylon, Hibiscus, Pipturus, Passiflora suberosa, Labordia, Platydesma, Athyrium sandwichianum, Neraudia. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. 6114 Oahu BISH 6/28/1987
76 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information dry region PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 5550 Oahu BISH 11/1/1931
77 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information mixed mesic forest (dry) & (moist) PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Higashino, P.K. 5413 Oahu BISH 2/20/1977
78 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information mesic slopes with weedy grasses and Schinus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. 3529 Oahu BISH 4/25/1987
79 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information In Metrosideros lowland wet forest with Alyxia, Canthium, Nestegis, Chamaesyce, Psidium, Antidesma, Pleomele, Claoxylon, Urera, Nothocestrum longiflorum, Zanthoxylum, Embelia, Pisonia, Bobea, Psychotria, Scaevola, Melicope, Astelia, Labordia, Perrottetia PRESERVED_SPECIMEN perlman, s.p. hill, b. collector number: 5636 Oahu BISH 4/16/1987
80 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information S side of valley, on slopes in mostly alien vegetation with Sapindus, Rauvolfia, Erythrina, Diospyros, Reynoldsia, Leucaena leucocephala, Passiflora suberosa, Panicum maximum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Perlman, S. 5579 Oahu BISH 4/9/1987
81 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information in sm hanging valley, about 50 yds south of cabin at Peacock Flats PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 1149 Oahu BISH 5/27/1973
82 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information decadent dry forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 11506 Oahu BISH 10/24/1937
83 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Takeuchi, W.N. s.n. Oahu BISH 6/6/1905
84 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Grant, M.L. 7043 Oahu BISH 7/11/1934
85 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bryan, W.A. Collector Number: s.n. Oahu BISH
86 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Dry scrub w Lantana, Schinus, Canthium, Psidium guajava, Reynoldsia, etc. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hatheway, w.h. collector number: 2 Oahu BISH 5/30/1950
87 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Dry scrub w Lantana, Schinus, Canthium, Psidium guajava, Reynoldsia, etc. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hatheway, W.H. 2 Oahu BISH 5/30/1950
88 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information mesic slopes with weedy grasses and Schinus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. pyle, l.; tate, b. collector number: 3529 Oahu BISH 4/25/1987
89 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN takeuchi, w.n. collector number: 3274 Oahu BISH 1/20/1987
90 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. kikukawa, h.; gay, r. collector number: 3093 Oahu BISH 1773-09-28
91 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information Dry bare ridge in decadent forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 4195 Oahu BISH 9/28/1930
92 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information On ridge between Kukuiala Gulch (1st from W end) and 2nd gulch from W end of Mokuleia; dry slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 14095 Oahu BISH 2/4/1934
93 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information lower dry forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 21535 Oahu BISH 3/17/1946
94 Dracaena forbesii (O.Deg.) Jankalski Contact Bishop Museum Botany department for locality information PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Swezey, O.H. s.n. Oahu BISH 10/23/1932
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