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Euphorbia halemanui

Sherff (1936)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Euphorbiaceae Genus: Euphorbia

‘ākoko, ‘akoko [akoko], ‘ekoko [ekoko], koko, kōkōmālei [kokomalei]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs.

Stems: Stems scandent, 1–4 m long, glabrous, flowering branches 2–3.5 mm in diameter.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, decussate. Blades elliptic to oblanceolate, 40–130 mm long, 10–45 mm wide. Apex broadly acute to rounded, occasionally retuse or mucronulate. Base cuneate and oblique. Surfaces glabrous or slightly pubescent at basal margin. Margins entire. Petioles 3–11(–16) mm long, glabrous or pilose above. Stipules persistent, acute–triangular, 1–3 mm long, ciliate.

Flowers: Flowers in cyathia in dense, glomerate, branched, cymose clusters or occasionally solitary, peduncles 3–6 mm long when cyathia solitary, or 1–3 mm long when in cymes. involucre narrowly campanulate, 1.5–2 mm high, 1.5–2 mm wide, glabrous, glands 4–5, yellow to green, glabrous. Flowers unisexual and highly reduced. Pistillate flowers solitary, on a gynophore; staminate flowers in 5 groups or cymules, each with 1 to several flowers. Calyx (sepals) absent. Corolla (petals) absent. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Ovary superior; styles yellow or red, bifid up to ½ their length, 0.3–1 mm long, glabrous.

Fruit: Capsules green; 2–3 mm long; glabrous; gynophores recurved; exserted 2–3 mm from involucre; glabrous. Seeds gray to brown; 1.5–2 mm long; shallowly rugose.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Diverse mesic forest and perhaps sometimes wet forest.

Elevation Range: 400–1,100 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bot. Gaz. 97: 582 (1936)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:607 (K [as Chamaesyce halemanui]); Govaerts et al. 2000:742/Yang & Berry 2011 (Syn. C. halemanui = E. halemanui)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Scandent shrub. Herbst, D.R. 2101 Kauai BISH 1971-08-31
2 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 943 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
3 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4961 Kauai BISH 1983-08-26
4 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 224 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
5 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 943 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
6 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 224 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
7 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2078 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
8 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1095 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
9 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1095 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
10 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 224 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
11 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1982-08-22
12 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1982-08-22
13 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5152 Kauai BISH 1983-12-20
14 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along stream. Preserved_Specimen Small-leaf form. Forbes, C.N. 224 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
15 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1095 Kauai BISH 1917-08-03
16 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1095 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
17 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details About 10 ft. below and S of dirt road. Mixed mesic forest with patches of Psidium cattleianum. W/Acacia koa, Dodnoea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Coprosma sp., Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope anisata, M. barbigera, Psychotria greenwelliae, P. mariana, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Santalum freycineti Preserved_Specimen 12 ft. tall. Some branch tips procumbent. Purple tinge to bottom of leaf. About 50 on this side of the road and 100 on the upper NE side of road. Tangalin, N. 1814 Kauai BISH 2008-10-27
18 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing as undergrowth in mesophytic koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree-shrub to 3 m. Leaves opposite; oblong-elliptic; to 11cm by 4.5cm; on petioles 1.6cm; base cordate. Inflorescence a reduced cyme, 4-8 in each, to 9mm long. Spence, G. 190 Kauai BISH 1973-07-24
19 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forest dominated by Acacia koa with Metrosideros, Styphelia, Alphitonia and Psidium. On steep open slope. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling to erect shrub of 7 ft. Leaves glossy, medium green with paler green midvein, below semi-glossy whitish green with whitish midvien; midveins of some leaves tinged maroon; cyatheal glands pale green; pedicel strongly recurved. Flynn, T.W. 4202 Kauai BISH 1990-08-22
20 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Common understory shrub in wet forest.ed. Preserved_Specimen Shrub. Takeuchi, W.N. 3674 Kauai BISH 1987-09-26
21 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia-Alphitonia montane mesic forest w/ Euphorbia atrococca, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dodonaea vicosa, Psychotria mariniana, Wikstroemia furata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, C. foliosa, Polyscias kavaiensis Anti Preserved_Specimen Trees, scandent branches, in early flower, ca. 8 nearby, estimate 25 trees in the north fork region. Wood, K.R. 16617 Kauai BISH 2015-09-18
22 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In relatively dry Acacia forest, with Styphelia tameiameiae, Santalum pyrularium, Alyxia oliviformis, Pelea barbigera, Alphitonia. Preserved_Specimen Shrub reaching 6 ft, but with long branches sprawling through shrubbery. Carlquist, S. 1796 Kauai BISH 1965-07-31
23 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Acacia-Metrosideros montane mesic forest w/ Diospyros sandwicensis, D. hillenbrandii, Alphitonia pondersoa, Pisonia sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Psychotria mariniana, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, C. foliosa, Polyscias k Preserved_Specimen Tree, sprawling, scandent 5 m, vegetative, mapped. Wood, K.R. 17431 Kauai BISH 2017-06-14
24 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Acacia koa-Metrosideros mesic forest. With Alphitonia ponderosa, Santalum pyrularium, Pleomele aurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Planchonella sandwicensis, Leptecophylla, Rubus argutus, Lantana camera Preserved_Specimen Shrub 4 meter ht with flowers, immature fruit Perlman, S. 23020 Kauai BISH 2012-10-02
25 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia-Alphitonia montane mesic forest with Euphorbia atrococca, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Wikstroemia furcata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Kadua affinis, K. knudsenii, Coprosma waimeae, C. foliosa, Polyscias ka Preserved_Specimen Tree, 3 meters long, few branched, diffuse, red-brown and occasionally with raised rings on trunk and stems, 2 trees in immediate area, estimate 25 trees in the north fork region Wood, K.R. 16626 Kauai BISH 2015-09-22
26 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Low wet forest with Metrosideros polymorpha dominant, also Antidesma, Tetraplasandra, Syzygium, etc., areas invaded by Psidium cattleianum and Melastoma candidum. Preserved_Specimen Riparian shrubs 0.75-1.5 m tall, much branched, leaves decussate, discolorous, costa red above. Cyathial glands & capsules dark purple red. Capsules recurved, when ripe erect. Lorence, D.H. 6758 Kauai BISH 1991-04-11
27 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Acacia-Metrosideros mesic forest. Associated plants: Remya kauaiensis, Pittosporum, Alphitonia, Myrsine, Melicope, Dodonaea, Pleomele, Lysimachia kalalauensis, Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Scandant, 10 m long; just starting to flower; rare in area. Wood, K.R. 392 Kauai BISH 1990-06-12
28 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Transition between wet and dry forest. Preserved_Specimen Scrambling woody vine. Stern, W.L. 1275 Kauai BISH 1961-08-01
29 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros - Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia ponderosa, Diospyros sandwicenssis, D. Hillebrandii, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, Polyscias kavaiensis, Melicope ovata, M. barbigera, M. feddei, M. anisata, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis barbigera, M. feddei, M. anisata, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis. Preserved_Specimen Vining shrub, 7 meters long, stems brown-red, mostly vegetative, single plant observed, just east of large Pisonia grove, mapped. Wood, K.R. 15804 Kauai BISH 2014-01-29
30 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia ponderosa, Antidesma platyphylla, Euphorbia atrococca, Claoxylon sandwicensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dracaena aurea, Polyscias kavaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, B Preserved_Specimen Shrub, vining, stems 3 cm diameter medium brown, mottled with lichen, raised nodes circling stems, 7 m long, moderately branched climbing Myrsine laaiensis, ca. 20 in general area, 350 deg. North aspect Wood, K.R. 14932 Kauai BISH 2012-04-25
31 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Sunny gulch. Preserved_Specimen Loosely, long branched liane. Degener, O. 27175 Kauai BISH 1960-11-30
32 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In dry, mesic forest; sparingly branched. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling shrubwith stems about 20' long, lax. Herbst, D.R. 1199 Kauai BISH 1968-08-11
33 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia-Alphitonia montane mesic forest with Euphorbia atrococca, Myrsine lanaiensis, Dodonaea viscosa, Psychotria mariniana, Wikstroemia furcata, Diospyros sandwicensis, Kadua affinis, Coprosma waimeae, C. foliosa, Polyscias kavaiensis, Anti Preserved_Specimen Trees, diffuse branches up to 7 meters long, 5 trees in immediate area, in early flower, mapped. Wood, K.R. 16577 Kauai BISH 2015-08-30
34 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open woods. Preserved_Specimen Straggling loosely, regularly branched 12 ft, single stemmed bush. Degener, O. 27180 Kauai BISH 1960-12-02
35 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Forest. Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 1002 Kauai BISH 1922-10-28
36 Euphorbia halemanui Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Just above rd cut at edge of diverse native mesic forest. With Acacia koa, Dodonaea viscosa, Pleomele aurea, Coprosma spp, Alphitonia ponderosa, Melicope barbigera, Psychotria greenwelliae. Population consists of approximately 150 individuals in area. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling shrub to treelet, 4m tall. Leaves decussate, dark green to 18cm long. Cyathea tightly bunched in inflorescences. Trunk reddish. Appears to favor slightly open canopy. Trauernicht, C. 579 Kauai BISH 2008-10-07
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