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Clermontia hawaiiensis

(Hillebr.) Rock (1913)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Clermontia

‘ōhā, ‘ōhā kēpau, ‘ōhā wai, ‘ōhā wai nui, ‘ōhāhā wai nui, hāhā [haha]

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees or shrubs, 1.5–9 m tall, terrestrial or epiphytic.

Stems: Stems branched repeatedly, spreading, light gray or light brown, glabrous or rarely pubescent, with numerous helically arranged leaf scars near apex, pith solid, latex white, viscous.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades oblong or oblanceolate, 9–24 cm long, 2.5–6.5 cm wide. Apex acuminate, acute, obtuse, or rounded. Base attenuate. Upper surfaces glabrous; lower surfaces glabrous or pubescent on the veins; lamina coriaceous; upper surfaces dark green, glossy; lower surfaces very pale green. Margins callose–crenulate. Petioles 2–7 cm long, glabrous. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences 2(–4)–flowered, glabrous or pubescent; peduncle 1.5–6 cm long, spreading, bibracteate at middle or apex; pedicels 1.5–4 cm long, spreading, bibracteolate at middle or base. Flowers bisexual (perfect), epigynous, zygomorphic, resupinate, protandrous. Hypanthium 1.7–2.2 cm long, 1.1–1.8 cm in diameter, obconic, glabrous, with 10 longitudinal ridges, the dorsal one forming a definite keel. Calyx synsepalous; tube adnate to the ovary, forming a hypanthium, hemispheric, obconic, obovoid, turbinate, or rarely oblong, smooth or with 10 longitudinal furrows, rarely muricate or with 10 longitudinal ridges; lobes 5, valvate, either less than 1⁄2 as long as the corolla, distinct or rarely connate at base, persistent, triangular or deltate, rarely oblong or ovate, firm, green, or as long as the corolla (rarely only ⅔ as long), connate for 1/5–⅘ their length, deciduous, mimicking the corolla in shape, texture, and color. Perianth 5–6.5 cm long, tubular, greenish white sometimes tinged purple or magenta, glabrous; tube 3–4.6 cm long, 0.9–1.8 cm in diameter, curved, narrower at middle than at base; lobes 5, valvate, 1.1–2.2 cm long, 3–7 mm wide, suberect or spreading slight, those of the calyx each with a prominent median longitudinal ridge. Stamens 5, syngenesious, alternate with the corolla lobes, included or slightly exserted, curved; anthers connate, dithecal, opening introrsely by longitudinal slits, purple or rarely greenish white, the 3 dorsal ones a little longer than the 2 ventral ones, the latter with tufts of stiff white trichomes at apex, otherwise glabrous, or sometimes pubescent along the sutures, rarely so on the surfaces, the tube 1.5–1.8 cm long, 4–5 mm in diameter, glabrous or sparsely pubescent; filaments 4–5 cm long, connate above, free from the corolla, magenta or rarely greenish white, glabrous. Pollen tricolporate, prolate, ellipsoidal. Ovary inferior, 2-carpellate, 2-loculed; ovule placentation axile, placentae large; style slender, terete (cylindrical), with a ring of stiff white hairs near apex; stigma 2-lobed, the lobes appressed and non–receptive as the style grows through the anther tube, pushing out pollen, after which the stigmas spread and become receptive.

Fruit: Berries 2.5–3.7 cm long; 1.5–3 cm in diameter; orange; obconic; obovoid; or ellipsoid; with 10 longitudinal ridges; pericarp thick; leathery; placentae juicy or spongy; apex truncate; crowned with a low circular rim and base of style. Seeds numerous; tiny; dark brown or black; minutely foveate–reticulate; shiny; with a straight; short to spatulate dicotyledonous embryo embedded in oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Montane rain forests.

Elevation Range: 550–1760 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Ethnobotanical Images

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Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Indig. Trees Haw. Isl.: 477 (1913)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:430 (H); Lammers 1991:80 (KEY, DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea, Sulphur Banks Preserved_Specimen ~12' x 5 tree, 8' spread; sap milky; flowers, corolla light green, 2 long Shipman, H.C. Hawaii BISH 1957-09-05
2 Clermontia hawaiiensis Hilo, W of Pahea Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 461 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-09
3 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea, Sulphur Banks Preserved_Specimen ~12' x 5 tree, 8' spread; sap milky; flowers, corolla light green, 2 long Shipman, H.C. Hawaii BISH 1957-09-05
4 Clermontia hawaiiensis above Ollie Shipmans, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1038 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-30
5 Clermontia hawaiiensis above Ollie Shipmans, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1038 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-30
6 Clermontia hawaiiensis East of Hilo Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2190 Hawaii BISH 1926-07-09
7 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8802 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
8 Clermontia hawaiiensis Transect 8 [update this] Preserved_Specimen 10 cm Bd; Lvs dk grn above, lighter below & sgubtm stiff & leathery. van Riper III, C. 634 Hawaii BISH 1978-05-26
9 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8762 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
10 Clermontia hawaiiensis Shipman's Ranch, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8803 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
11 Clermontia hawaiiensis Puna Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12847 Hawaii BISH 1917-09-02
12 Clermontia hawaiiensis RR track between Waiokea and Olaa Mill Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 640 Hawaii BISH 1915-05-25
13 Clermontia hawaiiensis 24 mi from Volcano Rd. Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. 335 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
14 Clermontia hawaiiensis RR track between Waiakea and Olaa Mill Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 641 Hawaii BISH 1915-05-28
15 Clermontia hawaiiensis Shipman's Ranch, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8803 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
16 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea, Crater Rd., 1923 flow Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. 333 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
17 Clermontia hawaiiensis 24 mi from Volcano Rd. Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. 335 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
18 Clermontia hawaiiensis Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8803 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
19 Clermontia hawaiiensis RR track between Waiakea and Olaa Mill Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 641 Hawaii BISH 1915-05-28
20 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kahuku, N side of E lobe of 1950 flow, near crossing with jeep road to Nene cabin Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 26798 Hawaii BISH 1971-06-25
21 Clermontia hawaiiensis East of Hilo Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 2190 Hawaii BISH 1926-07-09
22 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8762 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
23 Clermontia hawaiiensis Haena, S of Hilo Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 460 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-09
24 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Iki, trail to Lava Tube Preserved_Specimen Fagerlund, G.O. 244 Hawaii BISH 1942-12-12
25 Clermontia hawaiiensis Bird Park, Kilauea sunny grass, among rocks Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7820 Hawaii BISH 1929-06-24
26 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Volcano Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
27 Clermontia hawaiiensis Hilo & Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
28 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Volcano Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
29 Clermontia hawaiiensis Hilo & Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
30 Clermontia hawaiiensis Shipman's Ranch, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8803 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
31 Clermontia hawaiiensis W of Glenwood, 1.5 mi beyond end of 20 Mile Road Metrosideros, Cibotium forest; in lava fissure Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 206 Hawaii BISH 1981-07-08
32 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kau, Keauhou, E Mauna Loa, N of center and at base of Puu Lalaau koa, ohia forest Preserved_Specimen 11 m x 14 cm; old dehiscent capsules and flower buds Warshauer, F.R. 1563 Hawaii BISH 1977-11-25
33 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kalapana Trail, below Makaopuhi, juist before aa flow Just before AA flow Preserved_Specimen Hoshida, H. 25 Hawaii BISH 1978-09-13
34 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ranch, Kau District Growing in remnant Acacia koa - Metrosideros forest in pasture. Preserved_Specimen Terrestrial shrub 9' tall, fruit orange and ridged; flowers green outside, corolla tips tinted purple, inside white. Davis, J. 346 Hawaii BISH 1980-08-19
35 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kaalaiki, Hionaa Ahupuaa, Kau Forest, Mountain House Road. Transect Ha, Station 3. Wet treefern and native shrub community with scattered ohia and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 7 cm Dbh, 3-4 m tall. In flower, fruit, bud. Jacobi, J.D. 661 Hawaii BISH 1976-06-05
36 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, Keauhou Ranch, at edge of pasture at upper gate. Transect Ha, Station 14. Mesic exotic grassland with scattered koa, ohia, and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1219 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-13
37 Clermontia hawaiiensis Tr 38 (81) Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1337 Hawaii BISH 1979-06-07
38 Clermontia hawaiiensis 24 mi from Volcano Rd. Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. 337 Hawaii BISH 1928-06-01
39 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea, Chain of Craters, Puu Huluhulu bottom of crater Preserved_Specimen Tree 18 feet high; no flowers. Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1957-03-01
40 Clermontia hawaiiensis Puna, Kahaualea, 2 km S of benchmark 2893, Volcano Hwy. wet ohia forest Preserved_Specimen 2 m x 2.5 cm; 7 branches ground rooted; sepal, petal tips and staminal column purple Stemmermann, R.L. 3808 Hawaii BISH 1979-05-31
41 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, Keauhou Ranch, at edge of pasture at upper gate. Transect Ha, Station 14. Mesic exotic grassland with scattered koa, ohia, and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1219 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-13
42 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kaalaiki, Hionaa Ahupuaa, Kau Forest, Mountain House Road. Transect Ha, Station 3. Wet treefern and native shrub community with scattered ohia and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 7 cm Dbh, 3-4 m tall. In flower, fruit, bud. Jacobi, J.D. 661 Hawaii BISH 1976-06-05
43 Clermontia hawaiiensis Puna, Kahaualea, 2 km S of benchmark 2893, Volcano Hwy. wet ohia forest Preserved_Specimen 2 m tall tree, DBH 2.5 cm. Stemmermann, R.L. 3808 Hawaii BISH 1979-05-31
44 Clermontia hawaiiensis National Park, Chain of Craters, Napau trail flower perianth green; staminal column and stamen dark purplish; fruit yellow, obvate, truncate; hypanthium depressed at tip, 5 prominent raised angles and weaker intermediate ones, 4 cm long Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11226 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-20
45 Clermontia hawaiiensis Hwy. 11, ~23 mi W of Hilo wet; with Metrosideros, Cibotium, Rubiaceae Preserved_Specimen 10' x 2 epiphytic tree with glossy, dark green foliage; calyx greenish white, tipped with violet in, green out; corolla white to pale violet in, green tipped with violet out; stamens deep violet; ovary ribs green, intercostal pale green white; milky sap Herbst, D.R. 947 Hawaii BISH 1968-02-25
46 Clermontia hawaiiensis Lower Puna Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-04
47 Clermontia hawaiiensis S of Hilo, FR aa lava Preserved_Specimen 3.5 m tree, much branched MacDaniels, L.H. 228 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-12
48 Clermontia hawaiiensis Tr 38(81); Puna, Laeapuki, Volcano Rd., 4 km S of benchmark 2487, 4-6 km S of Puu Kaumamoa on Metrosideros at 3 m Preserved_Specimen 1 m x 5 cm shrub; 30 cm bole; no regeneration; 10-15 branch tips; leaves not undulate Jacobi, J.D. 1337 Hawaii BISH 1979-06-07
49 Clermontia hawaiiensis S of 24 mile mark on Hilo-Volcano Hwy. with Metrosideros polymorpha, Scaevola chamissoniana, Dicranopteris; old aa lava Preserved_Specimen to 8' shrub; flowers greenish white at anthesis; prominent calyx and ovary ridges green; staminal column red violet; mature fruit is orange Carlquist, S. 2240 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-31
50 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ranch (T-KB), Kau District Disturbed closed Metrosideros forest. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, epiphytis. Flowers green and white. Fruit immature, ridged. ESP Field Crew 44 Hawaii BISH 1979-09-09
51 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keaiwa (TNC preserve) Kau Forest Reserve 50-70% closed canopy Acacia koa- Metrosideros polymorpha mesic to wet forest. Understory vegetation dominated by Cibotium spp, Broussaisia arguta with Cheirodendron, Myrsine lessertiana, Ilex anomala, Coprosma ochracea, terrestrial Sadleria spp, Athyrium microphyllum, Dyropteri Preserved_Specimen tree, 4 m tall, trunk gray-brown, leaves dark green above, pale green below, hypanthium strongly ridged, single tree observed during survey Wood, K.R. 13803 Hawaii BISH 2009-06-09
52 Clermontia hawaiiensis Puna District, Mauna Loa Estates, on 9th street between Ruby and Pearl streets Growing on edge of open Metrosideros forest with Coprosma, Ilex, and Cibotium understory. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 8' tall,. Corolla light purple, staminal column dark purple. Fruit orange. Davis, J. 436 Hawaii BISH 1981-01-10
53 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kau Forest Reserve, Makakupu, SE Mauna Loa, Hionamoa Gulch Tr 8 on Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen epiphyte; fruit orange yellow with green ribs; leaves dark green above, light below and shiny, stiff and leathery van Riper III, C. 634 Hawaii BISH 1978-05-26
54 Clermontia hawaiiensis Wailua, Ninole, Kaa Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, north rim of Wood Valley along pipeline trail. Transect Ha, Station 23. Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a tree fern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 8-10 cm Bd, ca 3 m tall; Leaves w/purple midveins. epiphyte 4 m up on Metrosideros; Calyx hypanthium green w/purple tint, inside purple, corolla purple, fruit sulcate/grooved. Jacobi, J.D. 649 Hawaii BISH 1976-05-28
55 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kahaualea, trail to Puu Oo from S Glenwood Rd. wet forest; with Cibotium, Psychotria hawaiiensis, Myrsine, Melicope, Scaevola chamissoniana, Wikstroemia, Broussaisia, Cyrtandra, Dubautia, Coprosma, Labordia, Sadleria cyatheoides, Cyanea pilosa, Adenophorus periens Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 10505 Hawaii BISH 1988-12-14
56 Clermontia hawaiiensis Palakea fence line Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1002 Hawaii BISH 1915-06-29
57 Clermontia hawaiiensis 27 Miles forest Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. 132 Hawaii BISH 1934-08-13
58 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ranch, Kau District Growing beneath recently fallen tree on side of Pu`u O`o trail. Preserved_Specimen Shrub about 6' tall, 5' spread. Flowers green, staminal column purple. Davis, J. 314 Hawaii BISH 1980-08-06
59 Clermontia hawaiiensis Keauhou Ranch Growing on side of hill with Myrsine, Metrosideros, Myoporum, Coprosma, and Alyxia. Preserved_Specimen Shrub 6' height, base 3 diameter, spread 5'. Flowers: outside of corolla green, inside white with some purple on corolla tips. Staminal column completely reddish-purple. Davis, J. 302 Hawaii BISH 1980-06-25
60 Clermontia hawaiiensis 20 mile road Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 206 Hawaii BISH 1986-01-01
61 Clermontia hawaiiensis Shipman's Ranch, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8803 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
62 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea, road to Volcano House Preserved_Specimen small tree; flowers greenish purple Rock, J.F.C. 8771 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
63 Clermontia hawaiiensis Transect 30, Station 22 [update this] Preserved_Specimen 14 cm dia, 11 m tall. Warshauer, F.R. 1564 Hawaii BISH 1977-11-25
64 Clermontia hawaiiensis Wailua, Ninole, Kaa Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, north rim of Wood Valley along pipeline trail. Transect Ha, Station 23. Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a tree fern and native shrub understory. Preserved_Specimen 8-10 cm Bd, ca 3 m tall; epiphyte 4 m up on Metrosideros; Calyx hypanthium green w/purple tint, inside purple, corolla purple, fruit sulcate/grooved. Jacobi, J.D. 649 Hawaii BISH 1976-05-28
65 Clermontia hawaiiensis National Park, Chain of Craters, Napau trail flower perianth green; staminal column and stamen dark purplish; fruit yellow, obvate, truncate; hypanthium depressed at tip, 5 prominent raised angles and weaker intermediate ones, 4 cm long Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11226 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-20
66 Clermontia hawaiiensis Volcano road Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8801 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
67 Clermontia hawaiiensis Volcano road Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8801 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
68 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8802 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
69 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kau, Kilauea FR Preserved_Specimen small tree; flowers white, tinged with tips of purple Herat, T. 1014 Hawaii BISH 1974-07-08
70 Clermontia hawaiiensis Crater Rd. near Kane Nuio home Preserved_Specimen fruit black seeds, light orange Stone, B.C. 2988 Hawaii BISH 1959-06-26
71 Clermontia hawaiiensis Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8762 Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
72 Clermontia hawaiiensis North Hilo Distr:; Honohina Ahu. Tr.18 (74); E slope of Mauna Kea, upstream across W fork of Painiu Stream [see COMMENTS] Preserved_Specimen in fruit Warshauer, F.R. 1335 Hawaii BISH 1977-08-21
73 Clermontia hawaiiensis Lower Puna, between Kapoho and Pahoa low lying scrub forest, ancient aa Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-04
74 Clermontia hawaiiensis keauhou Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, Keauhou Ranch, at edge of pasture at lower gate, near entrance to Keauhou Ranch, Transect Ha, Station 13, Mesic exotic grassland with scattered koa, ohia, and other native trees. Preserved_Specimen Jacobi, J.D. 1218 Hawaii BISH 1978-08-13
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