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Pipturus ruber

A.Heller (1897)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Urticaceae Genus: Pipturus

māmake [mamake], māmaki [mamaki], waimea

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 1.5–2 m tall.

Stems: Branches with reddish brown bark, hispid, the hairs ca. 1 mm long, also with red–tipped glands.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, widely spaced. Blades ovate to elliptic, 7.5–18(–25) cm long, (3.5–)4.5–7 cm wide, leaves of young growth up to 31 cm long and 20 cm wide. Apex acuminate. Base rounded to broadly cuneate. Upper surfaces pale green, smooth, veins slightly impressed, intercostal areas flat or slightly raised, sparsely pubescent, glabrate with age; lower surfaces gray to olive gray; blades coriaceous; areoles thinly woolly pubescent. Margins coarsely crenate, apex acuminate. Palmately 3-veined or 5-veined, pinnately veined toward apex, veins bright red, raised, moderately to densely hispid along veins, the hairs spreading, also with numerous red–tipped glands. Petioles (1–)2–7.5 cm long. Stipules present 10–12 mm long, 5–6 mm wide, the veins hispid, persistent.

Flowers: Flowers in clusters 8–9(–12) mm in diameter, staminate flowers few, mixed with pistillate ones. Plants unisexual, apparently gynodioecious (no staminate plants observed). Calyx of staminate flowers herbaceous, 4-lobed, 2–2.2 mm long, long–hirsute; pistillate Calyx red, 1.2–1.3 mm long, enlarging to 1.8–2.2 mm long in fruit, densely long–hirsute. Corolla (petals) absent. Filaments incurved in bud, elastically reflexed when pollen is shed; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior (pistillate flowers), psuedomonomerous, 1-celled; ovule 1, basal; style 1. Staminate flower ovary vestigial and sterile.

Fruit: Achenes pale yellow or grayish brown; conical–ovoid; 1.1–1.5 mm long. Seeds 1 per achene.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Mesic valleys; diverse mesic forest; and wet forest.

Elevation Range: 200–1,370 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • 200-1370 m
  • Description digitized by Olivia Kraus
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii

Bibliography

Name Published In: Minnesota Bot. Stud. 1: 815 (1897)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1309 (K)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Woods. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10692 Kauai BISH 1930-12-26
2 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Cranwell, L.M. 2862 Kauai BISH 1938-08-13
3 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 115 Kauai BISH 1909-08-02
4 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2852 Kauai BISH 1895-09-02
5 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 86 Kauai BISH 1909-07-23
6 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1615 Kauai BISH 1909-03-03
7 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1748 Kauai BISH
8 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 115 Kauai BISH 1909-08-02
9 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 563 Kauai BISH 1916-10-10
10 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1672 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
11 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 86 Kauai BISH 1909-07-23
12 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Kauai BISH 1916-10-01
13 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Kauai BISH 1916-10-01
14 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. Kauai BISH 1930-02-06
15 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane wet forest with 60% cover of Metrosideros at 9 m tall and 30% cover of Cheirodendron at 7 m tall, diverse understory with Melicope clusiifolia, M. wawrana, Vaccinium calycinum, Broussaisia arguta, Trematolobelia kauaiensis, Lobelia hypoleuca, rich fern understory with Athyrium microphyllum, Sadleria pallida, Asplenium polyodon, abundant terrestrial and epiphytic moss. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 1.5 m tall with spreading branches brown, lvs dark green rugose above, paler below with red-purple veins, common. Wood, K.R. 11524 Kauai BISH 2005-09-09
16 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along stream bank in low, open wet forest with Metrosideros polymorpha (dominant), Antidesma, Syzygium, invaded by Psidium cattleianum. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 1.5 m. tall; lvs rugose, veins red beneath; ripe fruiting inflorescence white, juicy. Lorence, D.H. 6653 Kauai BISH 1990-12-18
17 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details in shade in rain forest Preserved_Specimen 5 ft shrub, leaf veins pink Christensen, C. 86 Kauai BISH 1976-10-23
18 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Dicranopteris lowland wet shrubland with small pockets of mixed wet forest below ridgeline with Broussaisa arguta, Melicope feddei, Psychotria mariniana & P. wawrae, Kadua affinis, Antidesma platyphylla, Alyxia stellata, Syzygium sandwicensis, Dubautia laxa Preserved_Specimen shrub, 1.5 m tall, stems brown, leaves dark green above whitish below with red-purple nerves, fruit white or purple when immature, uncommon Wood, K.R. 15234 Kauai BISH 2012-09-21
19 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest, bogs and riparian habitats w/ Broussaisia arguta, Dubautia paleata, Labordia waialealae, L. Pumila, Polyscias waialealae, Vaccinum calycinum, Pipturus ruber, Deschampsia nubigena, Machaerina angustifolia, Melicope clusiifolia, Preserved_Specimen Tree, 4 m tall, reclined over boulder stream, stems brown-orange, stipules persistent, flower and fruit occasional. Wood, K.R. 17906 Kauai BISH 2018-08-13
20 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In open sun. Preserved_Specimen 3 ft. branching shrub. Christensen, C. 260 Kauai BISH 1977-07-16
21 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On bank of intermittent stream. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 4-6 m. Bryan Jr., E.H. 1459 Kauai BISH 1940-07-29
22 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet forest along stream. Preserved_Specimen 8 ft. spreading bush, lvs subcoriaceous, above dark green, impressed rugose, beneath pale green, all the larger veins red. St.John, H. 13795 Kauai BISH 1933-12-28
23 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details along streambed Preserved_Specimen shrub about 4-5 ft. tall ESP Field Crew 8 Kauai BISH 1979-07-16
24 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rainforest. Preserved_Specimen Spreading tree 3 m. tall. MacDaniels, L.H. 860 Kauai BISH 1927-02-22
25 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane Metrosideros Riparian zone W/Melicope clusifolia, Broussaisia, Pepperomia, Asplenium, Mosses, Selaginella, Metrosideros, Rubus rosifolius, Stenogyne purpurea, Sadleria, Cibotium, Labordia waialealae, Dubautia, Pipturus, Lobel(label end) Preserved_Specimen Tree 15 ft. tall. White jelly-like fruit w/ imbedded brown seeds on stem below leaves. Leaves light green below w/ raised red venation, top of leaf dark green w/ impressed skin-like texture. Active leaf miner mines, sent to UH but none reared out. Tangalin, N. 2498 Kauai BISH 2011-02-03
26 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet forest. Preserved_Specimen 6 ft. shrub, lvs. coriaceous, very rugose, red-veined beneath. St.John, H. 13701 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
27 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along stream bank. Preserved_Specimen Sprawling shrub, lvs rugose, dark green, slightly glossy above, below grey-green with maroon veins. Stigmas maroon. Fruit fleshy white. Flynn, T.W. 3392 Kauai BISH 1989-05-11
28 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron-Dicranopteris wet forest and deeply carved drainage with riparian vegetation Kadua affinis, Psychotria mariniana, P. hexandra, Coprosma kauaiensis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Dubautia raillardioides, D. laxa, Melicope wawrana, M. clusiifolia, Myrsine wawr Preserved_Specimen tree, 4 m tall, moderately branched Wood, K.R. 15269 Kauai BISH 2012-11-07
29 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details in shade in rain forest Preserved_Specimen 5 ft shrub, leaf veins pink Christensen, C. 86 Kauai BISH 1976-10-23
30 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details upper drainage, closed to open mixed mesic forest, talus slopes; Metrosideros, Diospyros, Cheirodendron fauriei, Antidesma platyphylla, Pouteria sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Dodonaea viscosa, Pritchardia minor, Microlepia strigosa, Diplazium sandwichianum, Dryopteris fusco-atra Preserved_Specimen 2 m tree; many branched, lax, gray brown; leaves thick rugose above; petiole red pink; immature fruit red pink, turning white Wood, K.R. 12141 Kauai BISH 2006-09-17
31 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Closed Metrosideros forest, 8-12 m canopy. Understory dominated by Antidesma w/ mixed wet associates, Syzygium, Broussaisia, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra spp, Psychotria spp, Dubautia spp, Labordia spp, Coprosma waimeae, Cheirodendron spp, Tetraplasandra Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 1.5 m tall, many branched, stems brown or red-brown, lvs dark green, petioles red-orange, nerves purple-red, mature frt white. Wood, K.R. 13258 Kauai BISH 2008-09-10
32 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Common along stream. Preserved_Specimen Branched shrub up to 2.5 m. tall, usually ca. 1.5-2 m. Wagner, W.L. 6292 Kauai BISH 1989-11-21
33 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details mixed forest with riparian vegetation Pisonia umbellifera, Antidesma platyphylla Syzygium sandwicensis, Psychotria mariniana, P. mauiensis, P. wawrae, Melicope clusiifolia, Broussaisia arguta, Cyrtandra kealiae urceolata, C. longifolia, C Preserved_Specimen tree, 2.5 m tall, thickly branched, in flower and fruit Wood, K.R. 15551 Kauai BISH 2013-06-27
34 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen lf front: dark-green, rough; back: dark olive, veins less pink than g (see sheet #71579). Forbes, C.N. 101 Kauai BISH 1909-07-31
35 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub. Petioles and midribs red. Herbst, D.R. 2224 Kauai BISH 1971-11-03
36 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen lf front: younger shoots rough; back: olive-green, veins green. Forbes, C.N. 101 Kauai BISH 1909-07-31
37 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 8 ft. high; gray flower. Chock, A.K. 995 Kauai BISH 1953-08-19
38 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Female plant. Rock, J.F.C. 5214 Kauai BISH 1909-08-01
39 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen lf front: golden tinged, rough; back: whitish-olive, veins very pink. Forbes, C.N. 101 Kauai BISH 1909-07-31
40 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2852 Kauai BISH 1895-09-02
41 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Female. Rock, J.F.C. 1694 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
42 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Cheirodendron mixed wet forest bordered by matting ferns of Diplopterygium & Dicranopteris w/ dissecting drainages and steep windswept shrubland slopes of Broussaisia arguta, Syzygium sandwichensis, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Touchardia latifolia, Embelia pacifica, Pipturus albidus, P. ruber Preserved_Specimen Tree, 2 m tall, full crown of branches, w/ flower and fruit, common along drainage. Wood, K.R. 18573 Kauai BISH 2020-10-22
43 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In wet forest. Preserved_Specimen Shrub. Stone, B.C. 1490 Kauai BISH 1956-12-26
44 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details growth, except upper part of valley dominated by Metrosideros with understory of Psychotria, Hedyotis terminalis, Cyanea (3 species), Dicranopteris (in open areas), 3 spp. of Cyrtandra, Labordia hirtella (in upper part). Dense, wet forest, along stream. Moderate to heavy Psidium Preserved_Specimen Shrub ca. 2 m. tall. Wagner, W.L. 6051 Kauai BISH 1988-04-10
45 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2852 Kauai BISH 1895-09-02
46 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2370 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
47 Pipturus ruber Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1725 Kauai BISH
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