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Raphanus sativus

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Raphanus

daikon, radish, wild radish

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Coarse annual herbs 3–12 dm tall, freely branching, subglabrous to sparsely hispid.

Stems: Stems erect, branched.

Roots: Greatly thickened taproots.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate or rarely opposite. Blades lyrate–pinnatifid, lower leaves 10–20 cm long. Margins of upper leaves toothed. Petiolate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in usually bractless, terminal racemes, occasionally solitary. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic or rarely slightly irregular, showy. Calyx of 4 sepals, deciduous, erect, usually oblong, sometimes the inner 2 with gibbous bases that hold the nectar, somewhat saccate at base, 9–10 mm long. Corolla of 4 petals; petals white to purplish, entire to emarginate, 15–20 mm long. Stamens (2–4)6(–16), tetradynamous, the inner 4 usually in pairs, sometimes connate at base in pairs; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2(4?)-carpellate, usually 2-celled by means of a false, but usually complete septum, rarely 1-celled, sessile or rarely stipitate; ovules 1 to numerous, borne on parietal placentas on replum margin at periphery of ovary wall, campylotropous or occasionally anatropous; style 1, elongate, scarcely narrower than ovary; stigma capitate.

Fruit: Capsules divided into 2 cells by the usually thin and membranous septum; elongate (at least 3 times as long as wide) and referred to as a silique; cylindrical; torulous; indehiscent; but breaking up into a series of segments at maturity; the upper part with 2–10 large seeds in 1 rows; separated by spongy transverse partitions; tapering above into a long persistent beak; body of silique 2–4 cm long; the beak 1–2 cm long. Seeds 2–4; globose; often becoming mucilaginous when wet; endosperm essentially absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (98)

Raphanistrum gayanum Fisch. & C.A.Mey. (1838)
Raphanus acanthiformis Morel ex L.Sisley (1874)
Raphanus acanthiformis var. raphanistroides (Makino) H.Hara (1935)
Raphanus acanthiformis var. spontaneus (Nakai) Nakai (1952)
Raphanus acris Ser. (1845)
Raphanus caudatus L.f. (1767)
Raphanus chinensis Mill. (1768)
Raphanus gayanus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) G.Don (1839)
Raphanus indicus Sinskaya (1931)
Raphanus latourettianus Ser. (1845)
Raphanus macropodus H.Lév. (1912)
Raphanus macropodus var. spontaneus Nakai (1920)
Raphanus niger Mill. (1768)
Raphanus niger var. albus DC. (1821)
Raphanus niger var. vulgaris DC. (1821)
Raphanus oleifer Steud. (1841)
Raphanus orbicularis Mill. (1768)
Raphanus radicula Pers. (1806)
Raphanus radicula var. oblongus DC. (1821)
Raphanus radicula var. oleifera DC. (1821)
Raphanus radicula var. rotundus (Mill.) DC. (1821)
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. caudatus (L.) Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) Domin (1910)
Raphanus raphanistrum subvar. niger (Mill.) Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. exsuccus Thell. (1918)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. niger (Mill.) P.Fourn. (1936)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. radicula (Pers.) P.Fourn. (1936)
Raphanus raphanistrum var. sativus (L.) Beck (1892)
Raphanus rotundus Mill. (1768)
Raphanus sativus convar. esculentus (Metzg.) Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus convar. hybernus (Alef.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus convar. minowase (Kitam.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus convar. oleifer Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus convar. radicula (Pers.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus f. albescens (Makino) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. esculentus (Metzg.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. exsuccus (Thell.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus f. raphanistroides Makino (1909)
Raphanus sativus subf. albescens Makino (1940)
Raphanus sativus subf. niger (Mill.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subf. oleifer (DC.) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subf. silvester (W.D.J.Koch) M.Hiroe (1971)
Raphanus sativus subsp. acanthiformis (Morel ex L.Sisley) Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus subsp. esculentus Metzg. (1841)
Raphanus sativus subsp. hybernus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus subsp. niger (Mill.) Lej. & Courtois (1831)
Raphanus sativus subsp. oleifer (Stokes) Metzg. (1841)
Raphanus sativus subsp. radicula (Pers.) Lej. & Courtois (1831)
Raphanus sativus subsp. sinensis Sazonova & Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. aka-daikon (Kitam.) Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. albus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. augustanus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. autumnalis Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. brunneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. carneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. caudatus (L.) Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. chinensis (Mill.) Boenn. (1824)
Raphanus sativus var. chloris Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. crininus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. fusiformis Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. gayanus Webb (1838)
Raphanus sativus var. griseus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. hortensis Backer (1907)
Raphanus sativus var. incarnatus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. julianus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. leucoplax Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. lobo Sazonova & Stank. (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. melanoplax Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. melanops Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. minor J.Kern. (1788)
Raphanus sativus var. mougri H.W.J.Helm (1967)
Raphanus sativus var. napiformis Gray (1822)
Raphanus sativus var. niger (Mill.) J.Kern. (1789)
Raphanus sativus var. nonpinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. oblongus DC. (1821)
Raphanus sativus var. oleifer Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. oleiformis Pers. (1806)
Raphanus sativus var. parvipinnatus L.H.Bailey (1920)
Raphanus sativus var. praecox Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. purpureus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. radicula Pers. (1806)
Raphanus sativus var. raphanistroides (Makino) Makino (1917)
Raphanus sativus var. roseus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. rotundus Stokes (1812)
Raphanus sativus var. rubidus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. salmoneus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. scarlatinosus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. sylvestris W.D.J.Koch (1856)
Raphanus sativus var. syrengeus Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. tristis Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. violaceus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. virens Sazonova (1985)
Raphanus sativus var. vitreus Alef. (1866)
Raphanus sativus var. vulgaris Gaudin (1829)
Raphanus sinensis Thunb. ex Pritz. (1866)
Raphanus stenocarpus Kitag. (1934)
Raphanus taquetii H.Lév. (1912)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Only found in cultivation
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Kaho'olawe Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 669 (1753)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:412 (K, O, Mo, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:200 (KEY), 204 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Raphanus sativus National Park, end of Mauna Loa Trail Preserved_Specimen 1 m. Pink flowers Chock, A.K. 2034 Hawaii BISH 1962-06-24
2 Raphanus sativus Kapiolani Copmmunity College, near northwest corner of Koa Building Growing on a burm behind Koa Building. Not irrigated, mostly shady, area gets weed whacked. Annual herb, erect, ca. 50-60 cm. tall; petals white. One plant seen in the area. Preserved_Specimen Ross, M.C. 1918 Oahu BISH 2023-03-23
3 Raphanus sativus Puu Laau Road, just above Saddle Road Preserved_Specimen Fls purple Herbst, D.R. Hawaii BISH 1985-06-25
4 Raphanus sativus Puu Laau Road, just above Saddle Road Preserved_Specimen Fls yellow turning purple wilted Herbst, D.R. Hawaii BISH 1985-06-25
5 Raphanus sativus Puu Laau Road, just above Saddle Road Preserved_Specimen Fls white or pale purplish cast Herbst, D.R. Hawaii BISH 1985-06-25
6 Raphanus sativus Manoa Community Gardens, Mr. Aoki Preserved_Specimen root portion was about 3 in diameter and ~6 long Mayeda, C.S. 7 Oahu BISH 1990-12-06
7 Raphanus sativus Moanalua Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1909-04-06
8 Raphanus sativus Puhi, on roadside, S side of Hwy. 50 at edge of park Preserved_Specimen Sprawling plant ~80 cm tall, much branched. Stem yellow-green to blue-green, with purple marking at nodes. Leaf: when young blue-green maturing yellow-green, the primary veins trough-like, white, shiny, leaf marked purple at base. Inflorescence showy; axes bluish-green; flower buds pale green, but aborted yellow buds numerous; flower 1.5 x 2 cm; sepals separate, navicular, pale green, to 8 mm long; petals to 1.7 x .8 cm, spatulate, white becoming pale pinkish-purple towards margin, with fine dark purple veins, though veins basally green; stamens 5 or 6, 4 long, 2 short, to 1 cm long, anther pale yellow, filament white tinted pink; pistil to 1.1 cm, pale green with distinct yellow, rounded stigma, siliques to 3 x .8 cm, of one or two vaguely defined rounded segements, capped by a long beak, some curved and some straight, pale green on bulb becoming darker blue-green apically. Hume, L. 492 Kauai BISH 1990-03-06
9 Raphanus sativus Puu Laau Road, just above Saddle Road Preserved_Specimen Fls white. Herbst, D.R. Hawaii BISH 1985-06-25
10 Raphanus sativus Volcanoes National Park, at end of Moana Loa Truck Trail Preserved_Specimen herb 1 ft. Fagerlund, G.O. 441 Hawaii BISH 1943-03-03
11 Raphanus sativus Hamakua Dist.; Pohakuloa Training Area, along Saddle Road Between the 30 & 45 mile markers & within 60' of road. Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. 16 Hawaii BISH 1990-12-13
12 Raphanus sativus Nr. L.D.S. Church, Waialua silty loam Preserved_Specimen small herb to 10, hairy leaves Afualo, D. 55 Oahu BISH 1975-03-16
13 Raphanus sativus Halawa Valley In grassy areas behind the shoreline. Preserved_Specimen Tap rooted herbs; petals yellow. Oppenheimer, H.L. 120631 Molokai BISH 2006-12-09
14 Raphanus sativus Kumuwela Ridge, Waimea Canyon dry slope Preserved_Specimen fls. lavender Fosberg, V.O. 16 Kauai BISH 1935-12-28
15 Raphanus sativus Halawa Valley, end of jeep road where stream meets sea w/Leucaena, Ricinus, Amaranthus and various grasses Preserved_Specimen herb to 1.5', flowers yellow, leaves lobed. Silique cylindrical w/beaked tip Ishikawa, S. 135 Molokai BISH 1972-08-30
16 Raphanus sativus Gulch behind Beck's Cove on eastern side of island, sandy soil of dry streambed Sandy soil of dry streambed under shade of Prosopis pallida trees Preserved_Specimen Single, small herbaceous plant, forming a rosette of leaves. No flowers. Root had distinct pungent odor Cuddihy, L.W. 384 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-23
17 Raphanus sativus Aiea, 98-851 Iliee St., residence of William and Peggy Jones vegetable garden, full sun Preserved_Specimen herb with a single major erect stem 0.4 m tall. Petals white with a light pink tinge Lau, J. 2050 Oahu BISH 1986-02-24
18 Raphanus sativus National Park, end of Mauna Loa Truck Trail Preserved_Specimen herb 3-4 ft. Fagerlund, G.O. 443 Hawaii BISH 1943-03-03
19 Raphanus sativus along Saddle Rd. on Waimea side of Pohakuloa State Park Preserved_Specimen herb with white flowers which are faintly streaked with purple Herbst, D.R. 5338 Hawaii BISH 1975-05-20
20 Raphanus sativus Volcanoes National Park, at end of Moana Loa scenic strip road, near shelter Preserved_Specimen Herb ~ 1/3 m high. Flowers pale purple Herat, T. 630 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-19
21 Raphanus sativus Honolulu, Diamond Head Community Garden, betw. Paki and Leahi Ave. across from Kapiolani Park, plot 36 Preserved_Specimen roots swollen, eaten raw, very pungent. Flws. white Staples, G.W. 694 Oahu BISH 1990-08-29
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