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Zanthoxylum hawaiiense

Hillebr. (1888)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Rutaceae Genus: Zanthoxylum

aʻe [ae], hea‘e, mānele, zanthoxylum

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Small to medium-sized trees (1–)3–8 m tall.

Stems: Trunk up to 25 cm in diameter, bark pale to dark gray, foliage usually lemon–scented, new growth glabrous or finely puberulent or tomentose, young branches subtended by a pair of bud scales.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves compound. Alternate. Blades broadly deltate–ovate or lanceolate, when deltate–ovate, the lateral ones asymmetrical; leaflets 3, thin to sometimes thick, coriaceous, 3.4–10(–12) cm long, 1.5–5(–7.5) cm wide, lateral petiolules articulated only at base, ± thickened near leaflet but not actually articulated, (3–)10–40 mm long, terminal petiolule twice articulated, at base and near leaflet, (12–)15–52 mm long. Apex acute to acuminate, sometimes slightly falcate. Base ± asymmetrically truncate or cuneate. Surfaces glabrous or lower surfaces finely puberulent, glandular punctate, the glands scattered and prominent. Margins minutely crenulate. Lateral veins 5–9 pairs, strongly ascending, higher order venation forming a reticulate pattern. Rachis terete (cylindrical) or winged. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers usually 15–20 in axillary, open, cymose inflorescences usually 4–8 cm long, peduncles 20–50 mm long, pedicels 2–4 mm long; bracteoles ca. 1 mm long, puberulent. Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic. Calyx of 4 sepals, alternate with the petals, narrowly deltate, ca. 1 mm long, sparsely puberulent and ciliolate. Corolla of 4 petals, color unknown, oblong–lanceolate to narrowly ovate, 3–6 mm long. Stamens 4, glabrous, absent in pistillate flowers(?); anthers medifixed, dithecal. Ovary superior, 1-carpellate; ovule placentation axile, rudimentary in staminate flowers; style oblique; stigma capitate.

Fruit: Follicles 1; falcate; obovoid; 8–10 mm long; apex rounded; exocarp rugulose and pitted. Seeds 1 per fruit; on a slender funicle; black; subglobose; compressed; 7–8 mm in diameter.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Dry forest on lava flows; sometimes in mesic forest.

Elevation Range: 550–1,740 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fl. Hawaiian Isl.: 76 (1888)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1214 (Mo, L, M, H); Lorence et al. 1995:54 (K); Wood 2007:16 (WM); Hank Oppenheimer pers. obs./Forbes 2.L BISH (L†, 1913)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
2 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10205 Hawaii BISH 1912-03-01
3 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Maui BISH 1920-03-01
4 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1881 Maui BISH 1920-03-07
5 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 250 Molokai BISH 1910-06-01
6 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1956 Maui BISH 1920-03-17
7 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1881 Maui BISH 1920-03-07
8 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 26868 Maui BISH 1960-01-17
9 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1956 Maui BISH 1920-03-17
10 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
11 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10204 Hawaii BISH 1912-03-01
12 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8076 Lanai BISH 1910-07-24
13 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
14 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10204 Hawaii BISH 1912-03-01
15 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1952 Maui BISH 1920-03-13
16 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2068 Maui BISH 1920-03-23
17 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1926 Maui BISH 1920-03-11
18 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 240 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
19 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
20 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 26868 Maui BISH 1960-01-17
21 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
22 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8657 Maui BISH 1910-11-01
23 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Maui BISH 1920-03-01
24 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Maui BISH 1913-01-01
25 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wilder, G.P. Maui BISH 1913-01-01
26 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5207 BISH 1909-09-18
27 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8373 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
28 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 124 Molokai BISH 1912-07-01
29 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5207 Kauai BISH 1909-09-18
30 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Greenwell, A.B.H. 19803 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-21
31 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Diospyros, Nestegis, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Pittosporum, Dodonaea, Claoxylon, Antidesma, Psychotria, Sophora, Psydrax, Grevillea, Psidium, Osteomeles, Microlepia, Alyxia, Doodia, Dryopteris, Achyranthes, Dubantia. Preserved_Specimen Rare, 3 trees 2m tall at this location on steep rocky mid-slope. Flowers fragrant, perfect (?), greenish white, and visited by honey bees and small moths in mid-day. Oppenheimer, H.L. 91306 Maui BISH 2013-09-11
32 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Lanai BISH
33 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
34 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Lanai BISH
35 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
36 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On dry a`a lava in open, native forest. Preserved_Specimen Tree about 30 ft tall with DBH of 10 in. Herbst, D.R. 730 Maui BISH 1967-11-12
37 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Dodonaea-Styphelia lowland mesic shrubland with Vaccinium, Neraudia, Lipochaeta, Bidens, Myoporum, Wikstroemia, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Pittosporum, Chamaesyce, Lysimachia, Viola, Pipturus, Urera, Lantana, Melinis, Schiedea. Preserved_Specimen With flower. Perlman, S. 6678 Molokai BISH 1987-10-23
38 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Not common on Aa flows dominated by Metrosideros and Myrsine lanaiense. Preserved_Specimen 7m x 12cm. Foliage with strong citrus odor. One mature fruit collected. Marr, K.L. 35 Hawaii BISH 1988-06-02
39 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Not common on Aa flows dominated by Metrosideros and Myrsine lanaiense. Preserved_Specimen 11m x 14cm. Old pericarp remaining on tree. Marr, K.L. 93 Hawaii BISH 1988-07-31
40 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dry ohia forest with mixed native trees and a native shrub-exotic grass-shrub u/s. Full sun; in small depression. Rare; growing in sm depression on pahoehoe. Preserved_Specimen Tree; 10 cm Dbh; 6m tall; 2 main trunks. Bark smooth gray (both light and dark). Jacobi, J.D. 1009 Hawaii BISH 1976-01-01
41 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Moderately dry sunny canyon. Preserved_Specimen Tree 25 ft high conspicuous in olive green foliage from all others. Degener, O. 8604 Molokai BISH 1928-05-21
42 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Not common on Aa flows dominated by Metrosideros and Myrsine lanaiense. Preserved_Specimen 6m x 7cm. Fruit collected (mature). Marr, K.L. 88 Hawaii BISH 1988-07-31
43 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on steep, rocky SE side of valley. Associated vegetation: Metrosideros, Nestegis, Diospyros, Pouteria, Remya, Zanthoxylum, Neraudia, Myrsine, Melicope, Cocculus, Sadleria, Pleomele, Dubautia, Coprosma, Alyxia, Charpentiera, Peperomia, Doodia. Preserved_Specimen Two 4m tall trees with 5 saplings. Oppenheimer, H.L. 60625 Maui BISH 2006-06-21
44 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In open south facing slope in grazed area; on a`a substrate, covered with kikuyu grass. Vegetation: Degraded Dry/Mesic Forest remnant, with Nestegis, Streblus, Ochrosia, Pleomele, Myrsine, Dodonaea, Santalum, Chamaesyce, Diospyros, Osteomeles, Cocculus, Alyxia, Asplenium, Lepisorus, Peperomia, Plectranthus, Alectryon, Cyperus, Bocconia, Lantana, Schinus, Cinnamomum, Pennisetum, Bidens, Passiflora, Neonotonia, Senecio, Melinis, Gomphrena Preserved_Specimen 6 m tall tree, single bole for 4 m, One of three trees known on Haleakala's south slope. Flowers with a fetid odor; leaves mildly lemon-scented when crushed. Oppenheimer, H.L. 90905 Maui BISH 2009-09-18
45 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Not common on Aa flows dominated by Metrosideros and Myrsine lanaiense. Preserved_Specimen 7m x 13cm. Mature fruit collected, foliage with strong citrus odor. Marr, K.L. 89 Hawaii BISH 1988-07-31
46 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet woods. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m x 5 cm. St.John, H. 23462 Molokai BISH 1948-12-22
47 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Acacia montane mixed mesic forest, summer dry Diospyros sandwicensis, Pleomele aurea, Myrsine lanaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Zanthoxylum dipetalum, Pteraly Preserved_Specimen tree, 7 m tall, trunk mottled shades of gray with lichen, vegetative, vigorous, new individual, (one of 3 known trees on Kauai), mapped Wood, K.R. 15417 Kauai BISH 2013-02-17
48 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Lava flows. Preserved_Specimen Leaves have no odor. Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH 1954-02-01
49 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Ravine, smothered with Lantana with isolated trees poking out. Assoc. trees: Melia, Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Alectryon, Antidesma, Pisonia & Charpentiera. Mesic-forested area. Preserved_Specimen Tree 8 m tall with a rounded crown. 30 cm dbh. Lau, J. 2204 Kauai BISH 1986-03-30
50 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Old `a`a lava. Preserved_Specimen Slender tree. Ht. 9 m. MacDaniels, L.H. 311 Hawaii BISH 1926-12-01
51 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details mixed mesic shrubland, grassland, steep to vertical rocky slopes and ridges; Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Dodonaea viscosa, Dianella sandwicensis, Morelotia gahniiformis, Dicranopteris linearis, Bidens micrantha, Neraudia melastomifolia, Melicope hawaiiense, Zanthoxylum hawaiiensis Preserved_Specimen 5 m tree; trunk and stems brown black; seed Wood, K.R. 11926 Maui BISH 2006-06-20
52 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Open Metrosideros forest. Growing on aa lava, either by its self of growing in with Metrosideros trees. Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 815 Hawaii BISH 1977-01-11
53 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane mixed dry to mesic forest, just below Metrosideros-Acacia forest with Diospyros sandwicensis, Chrysodracon cf. stenophylla (=aurea), Myrsine lanaiensis, Planchonella sandwicensis, Cryptocarya mannii, Myoporum sandwicensis, Nestegis sandwicensis, Psydrax odorata, Zant Preserved_Specimen Tree, 7.5 meters tall, 17 cm. diameter near base, trunk mottled shades of gray with lichen, lentricels, vigorous, leaves glossy translucent green, petiole and costa yellow-white, single individual, two fruit observed and collected. Wood, K.R. 16472 Kauai BISH 2015-06-04
54 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Beside cliff, with Charpentiera Preserved_Specimen Tree 30' tall, single trunk 37.5 circum; w/flwr & seed Wood, K.R. 289 Kauai BISH 1990-03-31
55 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details small drainage, mixed mesic forest; Metrosideros polymorpha, Cheirodendron trigynum, Dodonaea viscosa, Nestegis sandwicensis, Hedyotis acuminata, Cyrtandra grayi, Melicope hawaiiense Preserved_Specimen 4 m tree; trunk dark brown, mottled with raised lenticels; leaves dark green, green white nerves Wood, K.R. 11940 Maui BISH 2006-06-21
56 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Diverse mesic forest; w/ Bobea timonioides, Melicope haupuensis, M. knudsenii, Alectryon, Peucedanum, Pteralyxia. North aspect. Preserved_Specimen 12 m tall tree; fallen in storm yet still rooted and vigorous. Wood, K.R. 2127 Kauai BISH 1993-11-12
57 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Mesic ohia forest with other native trees and native shrub-exotic grass and shrub u/s. Preserved_Specimen 6 cm Bd; 3m tall. Warshauer, F.R. 3021 Molokai BISH 1980-08-07
58 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Not common on Aa flows dominated by Metrosideros and Myrsine lanaiense. Preserved_Specimen 5m tall. Collected from sapling beneath mature tree because of difference in length of petioules (much shorter as compared to mature trees) and color of leaves (darker green than mature trees). Marr, K.L. 94 Hawaii BISH 1988-07-31
59 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On steep SE side of valley. Associated vegetation: Metrosideros, Dodonaea, Myrsine, Coprosma, Wikstroemia, Vaccinium, Sophora, Melicope, Remya, Pteridium, Microlepia, Dubautia, Leptecophylla, Lysimachia, Pteris, Pteridium, Dryopteris. Threats: Rockslides, Buddleia asiatica, Ageratina adenophora. Preserved_Specimen Lvs lemon scented when crushed. Oppenheimer, H.L. 60620 Maui BISH 2006-06-20
60 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10204 Hawaii BISH 1912-03-01
61 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details One tree seen, in sparse scrub forest on rough lava. Preserved_Specimen Small tree 6 m tall, strongly aromatic, flowers pale green. Fosberg, F.R. 60612 Hawaii BISH 1980-09-10
62 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Diospyros sandwicensis-Metrosideros mesic forest. With Pleomele auwahiensis, Myrisine lanaiensis, Streblus, Nothocestrum latifolium, Pittosporum argentifolium, Neraudia sericea, Zanthoxylum hawaiiensis, Ochrosia compta, Schinus terebinthifolius, Melinus Preserved_Specimen Tree 5 meter ht with flower. Perlman, S. 22295 Molokai BISH 2009-12-14
63 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Dry `ohi`a forest with mixed native trees and a native shrub and mixed grass understory. Preserved_Specimen 12cm Bd; 5+m tall. Warshauer, F.R. 1877 Hawaii BISH 1978-06-25
64 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Tree 20 ft. (Notice secondary leaf bases.) Sterile. Rock, J.F.C. 27007 Maui BISH 1953-02-01
65 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Small tree. Pratt, T.K. 87 Molokai BISH 1972-01-13
66 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 2 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
67 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details `A`a lava. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1912-03-01
68 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Two trees observed at this location. Vegetation: Myrsine, Coprosma, Urera, Pouteria, Wikstroemia, Dodonaea, Cyrtandra, Metrosideros, Alyxia, Remya, Peperomia, Asplenium, Cyrtomium. Preserved_Specimen Two 4-5m trees; lvs faintly lemon-scented. Oppenheimer, H.L. 80636 Maui BISH 2006-08-23
69 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Dodonaea-Styphelia lowland mesic shrubland with Vaccinium, Neraudia, Lipochaeta, Bidens, Myoporum, Wikstroemia, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Pittosporum, Chamaesyce, Lysimachia, Viola, Pipturus, Urera, Lantana, Melinis, Schiedea. Preserved_Specimen With flower. Perlman, S. 6678 Molokai BISH 1987-10-23
70 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On lava flows. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 25719 Hawaii BISH 1957-03-14
71 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1881 Maui BISH 1920-03-07
72 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1962 Maui BISH 1920-03-14
73 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1926 Maui BISH 1920-03-11
74 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8658 Maui BISH 1910-11-01
75 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Hawaii BISH
76 Zanthoxylum hawaiiense Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros-Diospyros forest. With Nestegis sandwicensis, Sophora chrysophylla, Pyschotria kaduana, Lipochaeta connata, Remya mauiensis, Pleomele, Dodonaea viscosa, Pisonia Preserved_Specimen Scattered trees 3-7 meters ht, with fruit, mostly immature. Perlman, S. 22831 Maui BISH 2012-04-17
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