Musa × paradisiaca

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Zingiberales Family: Musaceae Genus: Musa

banana, maia

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Extremely polymorphic herbs 2–10 m tall, sap clear.

Stems: Pseudostems variously colored, 1–6 m long, 15–40 cm in diameter at base.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades 100–400 cm long, 30–80 cm wide. Base with a course basal sheath, sheathing bases closely overlapping and appressed to each other, forming an erect, herbaceous pseudostem from which the petioles depart at the summit (Pseudo)petioles 30–100 cm long. Surfaces glaucous. Margins entire. Veins parallel. Petiolate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences divergent to pendent, fruiting axis curved, 80–250 cm long, 4–8 cm in diameter. Flowers irregular, functionally unisexual, those subtended by the lower bracts pistillate, those subtended by the upper bracts staminate. Pistillate flowers few to ca. 20, 5–9 cm long, inflated, producing thick, jelly-like nectar. Staminate flowers numerous, 3-6 cm long, narrow, compactly arranged beneath leathery, red to purple bracts. Tepals 6, in 2 series, petaloid, upper 5 connate into a tubular structure, adaxial tepal distinct. Staminate flowers numerous, 3–6 cm long, narrow, compactly arranged beneath leathery, red to purple bracts. Stamens 5 with 1 reduced staminode; filaments slender, distinct; anthers linear, dithecal. Ovary inferior (pistillate flowers), 3-celled.

Fruit: Fruit variable in size; shape; and color; elongate–cylindrical; straight to strongly curved; 3–40 cm long; 2–8 cm in diameter; apex tapered; rounded or blunt; skin thin and tender to tough and leathery; yellow; green; or red; flesh starchy to sweet; white; yellowish; or orange. Seeds typically absent or vestigial.

Ploidy: 2n = 10–14 (irregular); 16; 22–24; 32–35; 44; 48; 55; 77; 88

Habitat: Persisting after cultivation and sparingly naturalized by vegetative reproduction in mesic to wet valleys and wet forest.

Elevation Range: 0–920 m.

Historical Distribution

Synonyms (150)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Dye made from sap

  • Nearly 20 varieties exist today falling into three major groups: maoli, popo'ulu and iholena. Mai‘a were not cultivated on a large scale. They were offered in the heiau and other houses of the gods. Three specific varieties were available for women to eat (popo'ulu, iholena and kaualau), the rest were forbidden (kapu). Certain varieties (polapola) steamed in an imu and pounded to make a type of poi. Used on hula altars (kuahu), the stalk symbolized a man. Stalks used to line the imu, as canoe rollers or used as a poultice. Fibers of leaves used in lei making. Sap used as a dye, and nectar from flowers used to feed babies. Understood as a kinolau or bodyform of the god Kanaloa, thus a set of kapu surrounded mai'a plants (see Abbott 1992:37–39, Handy et al. 1972:155–167). Leaf sheath beaten for kapa or used for sandals but both of poor quality (Lucas 1982: 18).

  • There are numerous varieties of mai‘a (banana, Musa spp.) that have medicinal uses. These include the use of dried leaves, which are burnt and eaten with poi for intense heart burn. Also, this and hou nui o ke kino (profuse sweating) are treated with palaholo mai‘a, hau ke‘ake‘a bark, Palolo and ‘alaea clays, kōkea, kikawaioa leaf shoots (Christella cyatheoidea); this medicine is used in conjunction with ko‘oko‘olau and moa nahele tea. Forms of ‘ea, pa‘ao‘ao, pala, and ‘ukihi are treated with a medicine made of the sap of the flowers and pohuli (root sucker), mixed with sap from green kukui fruits (Aleurites moluccana) and he‘i (papaya, Carica papaya). Another variety of mai‘a is used to treat ‘ea and pa‘ao‘ao, this medicine uses the immature flowers and sheath, with ‘alaea clay, ‘ana (sponge, Leiodermatium spp.), and green kukui fruit. For treatment of lepo pa‘a (constipation), the fruit is combined with the fruits, flowers and flower leaf buds of kukui, the sap of hau ke‘ake‘a (Hibiscus tiliaceus), and ‘ohi‘a ‘ai bark (Syzygium malaccense), and kōkea (white sugarcane, Saccharum officinarum). This is cooked, strained, and drunk in conjunction with ko‘oko‘olau tea (Bidens spp.) and broiled koali leaf buds (Ipomoea spp.). For some types of kohepopo, ripe buds are combined with ‘uala huamoa (sweet potato variety, Ipomoea batatas), noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia), niu (coconut, Cocos nucifera), ko, and ‘alaea clay. Koali and ko‘oko‘olau tea with moa (Psilotum nudum) follow the treatment. Another variation for the treatment of kohepopo uses the sucker roots of the mai‘a with the bark of ‘uhaloa roots (Waltheria indica), ‘ohi‘a ‘ai and kukui bark, kohekohe (Eleocharis spp.), pōpolo (Solanum americanum), and kōkea. For bruises linked to ancestors, immature flowers are mixed with pōpolo, squid ink sack, and ‘alaea clay; again followed with koali and ko‘oko‘olau tea with moa. For anal itching associated with pinworms mai‘a fruit, koali vines, ‘uala mohihi, noni fruit, hau ke‘ake‘a and ‘ōhi‘a ‘ai bark, and ‘alaea clay and combined, strained and drunk. For forms of nae (shortness of breath) dried leaf ash and sap are used in conjunction with ‘ihi makole buds (Oxalis spp.), noni fruit, ‘ōhi‘a ‘ai bark, kukui endosperm and flowers, niu fruit, ‘ala‘alawainui pehu stems (Peperomia spp.), ‘alaea clay, and kōkea.The medicine is taken is combination with lu‘au, poi, and fish and a purgative tea of ko‘oko‘olau and moa nahele (Chun 1994:200–210).

CULTURE

  • Planted by Kane and Kanaloa (Abbott 1992:37). [I] "Legend of the Mu People" [II] Mu are the banana-eating people of Kuaihelani [III] Paao brings the Manahunenukumuaimaia, big mouthed Menehune banana eaters to Hawaii [IV] Muaimaia aborigines of Kauai that lived in Laau and believed to haunt area (Beckwith 1940:326). "No ka ea Maia a Kahuoi- The Banana Field of Kahuoi" (Fornander [v.5 part iii] 1919:600). "Legend of Hoamakeikekula". Hoamakeikekula's skin compared to that of the young banana shoot which is the ideal flesh condition to the Hawaiian mind, being smooth and firm (Fornander [v.4 part iii] 1917:532).

  • Kinolau of Kanaloa

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 1043 (1753)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1465 (K, O, Mo, L, M, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:707 (KEY [as Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana]), 708 (DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20.892 WIS 6/11/1950
2 Musa × paradisiaca L. Kalaupapa; Bayview maintained PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 789 Molokai BISH 8/15/2005
3 Musa × paradisiaca L. Manoa HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Oahu 12/18/2014
4 Musa × paradisiaca L. Waiahole moist valley; grows up to nearly 3000 ft PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stokes, J.F.G. 1264 Oahu BISH 7/27/1923
5 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a AVH 8/1/1982
6 Musa × paradisiaca L. along Wailuku River PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. s.n. Maui BISH 11/1/1926
7 Musa × paradisiaca L. Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 9/8/2019
8 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. Oahu HAPI 11/1/1982
9 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jones, S. 1258 Oahu BISH 9/1/1925
10 Musa × paradisiaca L. - PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O. Degener 35078 Oahu HAPI 5/1/1986
11 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O Degener|I Degener Oahu HAPI 11/1/1980
12 Musa × paradisiaca L. Wai????????anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii MATERIAL_SAMPLE Megan Bargerhuff Oahu HAPI 9/10/2013
13 Musa × paradisiaca L. O????ahu, East Honolulu, HI, US PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a Oahu HAPI 8/1/1982
14 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaola, oahu. gulch at 2,900 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20,892 A 6/11/1950
15 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.|degener, i. MNHN 11/1/1982
16 Musa × paradisiaca L. Central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Caindec, D. 20.892 Oahu US 6/11/1950
17 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mokuleia garden cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; degener, i. 35078b CM
18 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mukuleio garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. s.n. HO 8/9/1982
19 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener garden, mokuleia, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; isa degener 35078 IND 11/8/1980
20 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. MNHN 11/1/1982
21 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener mokuleia garden, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener | isa degener 35,078a O 8/30/1982
22 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala, oahu Gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 20892 NY 6/11/1950
23 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20.892 WIS 6/11/1950
24 Musa × paradisiaca L. Kalaupapa; Bayview maintained PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 789 Molokai BISH 8/15/2005
25 Musa × paradisiaca L. Manoa HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Oahu 12/18/2014
26 Musa × paradisiaca L. Waiahole moist valley; grows up to nearly 3000 ft PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stokes, J.F.G. 1264 Oahu BISH 7/27/1923
27 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a AVH 8/1/1982
28 Musa × paradisiaca L. along Wailuku River PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. s.n. Maui BISH 11/1/1926
29 Musa × paradisiaca L. Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 9/8/2019
30 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. Oahu HAPI 11/1/1982
31 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jones, S. 1258 Oahu BISH 9/1/1925
32 Musa × paradisiaca L. - PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O. Degener 35078 Oahu HAPI 5/1/1986
33 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O Degener|I Degener Oahu HAPI 11/1/1980
34 Musa × paradisiaca L. Wai????????anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii MATERIAL_SAMPLE Megan Bargerhuff Oahu HAPI 9/10/2013
35 Musa × paradisiaca L. O????ahu, East Honolulu, HI, US PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a Oahu HAPI 8/1/1982
36 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaola, oahu. gulch at 2,900 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20,892 A 6/11/1950
37 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.|degener, i. MNHN 11/1/1982
38 Musa × paradisiaca L. Central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Caindec, D. 20.892 Oahu US 6/11/1950
39 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mokuleia garden cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; degener, i. 35078b CM
40 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mukuleio garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. s.n. HO 8/9/1982
41 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener garden, mokuleia, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; isa degener 35078 IND 11/8/1980
42 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. MNHN 11/1/1982
43 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener mokuleia garden, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener | isa degener 35,078a O 8/30/1982
44 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala, oahu Gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 20892 NY 6/11/1950
45 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20.892 WIS 6/11/1950
46 Musa × paradisiaca L. Kalaupapa; Bayview maintained PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 789 Molokai BISH 8/15/2005
47 Musa × paradisiaca L. Manoa HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Oahu 12/18/2014
48 Musa × paradisiaca L. Waiahole moist valley; grows up to nearly 3000 ft PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stokes, J.F.G. 1264 Oahu BISH 7/27/1923
49 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a AVH 8/1/1982
50 Musa × paradisiaca L. along Wailuku River PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. s.n. Maui BISH 11/1/1926
51 Musa × paradisiaca L. Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 9/8/2019
52 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. Oahu HAPI 11/1/1982
53 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jones, S. 1258 Oahu BISH 9/1/1925
54 Musa × paradisiaca L. - PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O. Degener 35078 Oahu HAPI 5/1/1986
55 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O Degener|I Degener Oahu HAPI 11/1/1980
56 Musa × paradisiaca L. Wai????????anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii MATERIAL_SAMPLE Megan Bargerhuff Oahu HAPI 9/10/2013
57 Musa × paradisiaca L. O????ahu, East Honolulu, HI, US PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a Oahu HAPI 8/1/1982
58 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaola, oahu. gulch at 2,900 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20,892 A 6/11/1950
59 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.|degener, i. MNHN 11/1/1982
60 Musa × paradisiaca L. Central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Caindec, D. 20.892 Oahu US 6/11/1950
61 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mokuleia garden cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; degener, i. 35078b CM
62 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mukuleio garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. s.n. HO 8/9/1982
63 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener garden, mokuleia, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; isa degener 35078 IND 11/8/1980
64 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. MNHN 11/1/1982
65 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener mokuleia garden, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener | isa degener 35,078a O 8/30/1982
66 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala, oahu Gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 20892 NY 6/11/1950
67 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20.892 WIS 6/11/1950
68 Musa × paradisiaca L. Kalaupapa; Bayview maintained PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 789 Molokai BISH 8/15/2005
69 Musa × paradisiaca L. Manoa HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Oahu 12/18/2014
70 Musa × paradisiaca L. Waiahole moist valley; grows up to nearly 3000 ft PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stokes, J.F.G. 1264 Oahu BISH 7/27/1923
71 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a AVH 8/1/1982
72 Musa × paradisiaca L. along Wailuku River PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. s.n. Maui BISH 11/1/1926
73 Musa × paradisiaca L. Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 9/8/2019
74 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. Oahu HAPI 11/1/1982
75 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jones, S. 1258 Oahu BISH 9/1/1925
76 Musa × paradisiaca L. - PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O. Degener 35078 Oahu HAPI 5/1/1986
77 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O Degener|I Degener Oahu HAPI 11/1/1980
78 Musa × paradisiaca L. Wai????????anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii MATERIAL_SAMPLE Megan Bargerhuff Oahu HAPI 9/10/2013
79 Musa × paradisiaca L. O????ahu, East Honolulu, HI, US PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a Oahu HAPI 8/1/1982
80 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaola, oahu. gulch at 2,900 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20,892 A 6/11/1950
81 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.|degener, i. MNHN 11/1/1982
82 Musa × paradisiaca L. Central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Caindec, D. 20.892 Oahu US 6/11/1950
83 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mokuleia garden cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; degener, i. 35078b CM
84 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mukuleio garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. s.n. HO 8/9/1982
85 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener garden, mokuleia, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; isa degener 35078 IND 11/8/1980
86 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. MNHN 11/1/1982
87 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener mokuleia garden, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener | isa degener 35,078a O 8/30/1982
88 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala, oahu Gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 20892 NY 6/11/1950
89 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20.892 WIS 6/11/1950
90 Musa × paradisiaca L. Kalaupapa; Bayview maintained PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 789 Molokai BISH 8/15/2005
91 Musa × paradisiaca L. Manoa HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Oahu 12/18/2014
92 Musa × paradisiaca L. Waiahole moist valley; grows up to nearly 3000 ft PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stokes, J.F.G. 1264 Oahu BISH 7/27/1923
93 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a AVH 8/1/1982
94 Musa × paradisiaca L. along Wailuku River PRESERVED_SPECIMEN MacDaniels, L.H. s.n. Maui BISH 11/1/1926
95 Musa × paradisiaca L. Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 9/8/2019
96 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. Oahu HAPI 11/1/1982
97 Musa × paradisiaca L. Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Jones, S. 1258 Oahu BISH 9/1/1925
98 Musa × paradisiaca L. - PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O. Degener 35078 Oahu HAPI 5/1/1986
99 Musa × paradisiaca L. Degener Mokuleia garden, Oahu. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN O Degener|I Degener Oahu HAPI 11/1/1980
100 Musa × paradisiaca L. Wai????????anapanapa State Park, Maui, Hawaii MATERIAL_SAMPLE Megan Bargerhuff Oahu HAPI 9/10/2013
101 Musa × paradisiaca L. O????ahu, East Honolulu, HI, US PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. | Degener, I. 35078a Oahu HAPI 8/1/1982
102 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaola, oahu. gulch at 2,900 ft. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener & d. caindec 20,892 A 6/11/1950
103 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.|degener, i. MNHN 11/1/1982
104 Musa × paradisiaca L. Central haleauau gulch, south of kaala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.; Caindec, D. 20.892 Oahu US 6/11/1950
105 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mokuleia garden cultivated PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o.; degener, i. 35078b CM
106 Musa × paradisiaca L. oahu, degener mukuleio garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. s.n. HO 8/9/1982
107 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener garden, mokuleia, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener; isa degener 35078 IND 11/8/1980
108 Musa × paradisiaca L. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O.|Degener, I. MNHN 11/1/1982
109 Musa × paradisiaca L. degener mokuleia garden, oahu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN otto degener | isa degener 35,078a O 8/30/1982
110 Musa × paradisiaca L. central haleauau gulch, south of kaala, oahu Gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN o. degener 20892 NY 6/11/1950