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Cyrtandra paludosa

Gaudich. (1829)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Gesneriaceae Genus: Cyrtandra

ha‘iwale [haiwale], hahala, kanawao ke‘oke‘o [kanawao keokeo], moa

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Shrubs 1–5 m tall.

Stems: Stems unbranched to few–branched, rounded to angular, pubescent with multicellular hairs or glabrate.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite, occasionally in whorls of 3–4 per node, +/- well-spaced, borne usually on upper (4–)6–22 nodes. Those leaves at a node slightly unequal, symmetrical, narrowly elliptic, occasionally elliptic–lanceolate or elliptic–oblanceolate, 4–34 cm long, 0.9–8(–13) cm wide. Apex acuminate to attenuate. Base cuneate to attenuate. Upper surfaces glabrous or glabrate; lower surfaces glabrous to sparsely appressed pilose along principal veins; Thick and often somewhat fleshy, chartaceous. Margins coarsely crenate to serrate–crenate. Upper surface with veins often deeply impressed (usually in plants from windblown sites). Petioles 0.7–5(–8) cm long, base sometimes clasping the stem or perfoliate. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers 1–7(–15) in cymes arising in the leaf axils, sparsely brown pilose to glabrate, peduncles (1–)3–14 mm long, pedicels 6–35 mm long, bracts lanceolate to elliptic, distinct or occasionally connate, 3–9 mm long, deciduous after anthesis. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx 2–5(6)-lobed, zygomorphic, fusiform in bud, tipped by a beak 3–9 mm long, in anthesis pale green, (7–)10–20 mm long, deciduous after anthesis, tube 5–10 mm long, sparsely brown pilose to glabrous, glabrous within, upper 3 lobes 2–7 mm long, lower 2 lobes 6–11 mm long, all lobes usually separating by anthesis, occasionally remaining coherent. Corolla usually bilabiate, white, tube narrowly funnelform, curved near middle, 16–20(–24) mm long, ca.4–6 mm in diameter medially, glabrous, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed, the lobes imbricate in bud, upper lobes broadly ovate, 3.5–8 mm long, 3–7.5 mm wide, lower lobes broadly elliptic, 8–10.5 mm long, 5–9.5 mm wide. Stamens 5, inserted about halfway up corolla tube, the 2 upper Stamens fertile, others staminodial, +/– with abortive anthers; fertile anthers coherent positioned in throat of corolla tube, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits or occasionally by apical pores. Ovary superior, oblong–ovoid, 2-carpellate, 1-celled, placentation parietal, placentas 2, ± intruded, rarely joined in center and dividing ovary into 2 cells; ovules numerous, anatropous, glabrous, apex rounded or with a stylar beak; style 6–8 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, 2-lobed, lobes usually elliptic.

Fruit: Fruit a fleshy or firm berry; white; ellipsoid; 1.6–3 cm long; glabrous; often tipped by the persistent stylar beak. Seeds numerous; ellipsoid; minute; 0.4–0.55 mm long; the surface reticulate.

Ploidy: 2n = 34*

Habitat: Occurring in diverse mesic forest to wet forest; rarely mesic valleys.

Elevation Range: 260–1160 m. (Kaua'i); 240–800 m. (Ko'olau Mountains and Palikea, Wai'anae Mountains); 860–1000 m. (Maui); 180–1280 m. (Hawai'i)

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Voy. Uranie: 447 (1829)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cyrtandra paludosa South Hilo District, Waiakea. Buffer zone collections along Stainback Highway Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. Hawaii BISH 1998-12-15
2 Cyrtandra paludosa South Hilo District, Waiakea. Collected along Stainback Highway corridor Preserved_Specimen Funk, E.J. Hawaii BISH 1999-04-23
3 Cyrtandra paludosa Puu O Kona Preserved_Specimen Kondo, Y. Oahu BISH 1953-02-07
4 Cyrtandra paludosa N fork of Wailua River trail to Blue Hole and base of Mt. Waialeale, narrow N facing side gulch about 1/4 mile before the first (double) falls that one must go around Lowland wet forest w/ Metrosideros-Dicranopteris, Psychotria, Boehmeria, Touchardia, Cyanea, Tetraplasandra oahuensis, Psychotria mariniana, Broussaisia arguta, Perrottetia, Pipturus, Freycinetia, Kadua affinis, Syzygium sandwicensis, Nephrolepis Preserved_Specimen 3 ft tall shrub. New lvs covered in drk brown hairs. Venation tra nsulucent and reticulate in sun. Upper stem square w grooves down to opp sides. Lvs turnate. LVs dull drk green above and light green w/ raised veins below. Fl clayx fleshy, zygo, w/ drk hairs. Tangalin, N. 2400 Kauai BISH 2010-09-26
5 Cyrtandra paludosa Hileanui Ahupuaa, SE slope of Mauna Loa, Kau Forest, in small gulch on E side of Kaiholena. Transect Ha, Station 32 Wet ohia forest with other native trees and a treefern and native shrub understory. Shaded. Preserved_Specimen shrub on ground. Jacobi, J.D. 702 Hawaii BISH 1976-06-09
6 Cyrtandra paludosa Kahawaihapapa, stream, along stream on wet cliff walls, above Hana area Metrosideros-Dicranopteris linearis-Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest With Sadleria spp., Pipturus albidus, Clermontia grandiflora, Dubautia plantaginea, Cyrtandra grayana, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Clermontia kakeana, Polyscias oah Preserved_Specimen Lat/Long: 20.779289, -156.090530 Perlman, S. 23516 Maui BISH 2013-06-06
7 Cyrtandra paludosa Waimea District. Makaha Valley, NE from Makaha Ridge Road diverse Mesic Forest W/ Metrosideros, Dodonea, Melicope, Nestegis, Xylosma hawaiiense, Antidesma, Bobea, Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus, Pleomeles, Lipochaeta connata subsp. connata, understory of ferns Preserved_Specimen Shrub. Leaves w/sharp serrations. Leaves med green above, white green below w/sparse red-brn hairs on yellow-white midrib. Fruit white, splitting when mature. Calyx med-green. Flw white. Tangalin, N. 1461 Kauai BISH 2007-12-09
8 Cyrtandra paludosa Aloup Saddle Road 6 miles mauka of Hilo Woods Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27895 Hawaii BISH 1961-07-09
9 Cyrtandra paludosa Blue Hole stream drainage S side of N stream branch, base of steep, dripping rock face; Metrosideros polymorpha, Pipturus, Perrottetia, Cyrtandra, Hibiscus kokio, Athyrium, Sadleria cyatheoides, Freycinetia, Spathodea campanulata, Rubus rosifolius, Clidemia hirta Preserved_Specimen 1.5 m x 4 cm shrub; sparsely branching from base; fruit and flower white; leaves to 20 cm long, dark green, below whitish green Trauernicht, C. 736 Kauai BISH 2009-02-12
10 Cyrtandra paludosa Haupu, Mahaulepu, on divide Myrsine, Psychotria, Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen 1.5 m shrub; leaves thick chartaceos fleshy, above dark green, and impressed nerved, below whitish green, calyx pale greenish, corolla and berry white St.John, H. 26022 Kauai BISH 1956-12-31
11 Cyrtandra paludosa headwaters N fork of Wailua River, Blue Hole, E of Mt. Waialeale and Kawaikini trees, pteridophytes, Gunnera Preserved_Specimen 1 m; single stem; corolla greenish white, calyx white Lorence, D.H. 5320 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
12 Cyrtandra paludosa jct. Kulani and 15.75 Mile Rds, Waiakea, S Hilo wet; with Metrosideros and Cibotium Preserved_Specimen 2 m shrub, leaves firm, above dark green, below pale green; flower, fruit white St.John, H. 22359 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-24
13 Cyrtandra paludosa headwaters N fork of Wailua River, Blue Hole, E of Mt. Waialeale and Kawaikini trees, pteridophytes, Gunnera Preserved_Specimen 1 m; sparsely branching; leaves discolorous, calyx green, 5 lobed, corolla pale greenish white Lorence, D.H. 5325 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
14 Cyrtandra paludosa W rim of Kalalau Valley, Kauai Forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 27691 Kauai BISH 1960-11-29
15 Cyrtandra paludosa Ridge between Pia Valley and Kuli'ou'ou (closer to Pia valley). Along trail Summit Preserved_Specimen Accidentally broken branch by other hiker Faccenda, K. 2132 Oahu BISH 2021-10-23
16 Cyrtandra paludosa Pia Valley. mixed native/alien dominated shrubland below summit Preserved_Specimen Herbacious shrub, very robust individuals. Several hybrids in the area Ching, H.S. oahu BISH 2021-12-15
17 Cyrtandra paludosa Hono O Na Pali NAR, Pohakea region above Hanakapiai. Metrosideros-Dicranopteris-montane mesic to wet forest. W/Broussaisia arguta, Kadua affinis, Melicope spp, Psychotria mariniana, Coprosma waimeae, rich fern understory with Asplenium insiticeum, A. polyodon, Athyrium microphyllum, Diplazium sandwichianum. Preserved_Specimen Shrub, 2m tall, in fruit, uncommon Wood, K.R. 14368 Kauai BISH 2010-11-17
18 Cyrtandra paludosa West Maui; T-38, S-14___ [illegible] Preserved_Specimen Warshauer, F.R. 3029 Maui BISH 1980-08-25
19 Cyrtandra paludosa Kawaipapa stream, along stream on wet cliff walls, above Nahiku-Hana area Metrosideros-Cheirodendron trigynum wet forest With Sadleria spp., Pipturus albidus, Clermontia grandiflora, Dubautia plantaginea, Cyrtandra grayana, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa, Perrottetia grayana, Broussaisia arguta, Coprosma foliosa, Perrottetia sandwicensis, Clermontia kakeana, Polyscias oah Preserved_Specimen Shrub 1 meter ht with immature fruit Perlman, S. 23135 Maui BISH 2012-11-14
20 Cyrtandra paludosa headwaters, N fork of Wailua River, Blue Hole, E of Mt. Waialeale and Kawaikini trees, pteridophytes, Gunnera Preserved_Specimen 1.5 m; calyx green, leaves discolorous; fruit white, ellipsoid, fleshy, splitting longitudinally along one side Lorence, D.H. 5380 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
21 Cyrtandra paludosa headwaters, N fork of Wailua River, Blue Hole, E of Mt. Waialeale and Kawaikini trees, pteridophytes, Gunnera Preserved_Specimen 1-1.5 m; corolla greenish white, leaves discolorous Lorence, D.H. 5381 Kauai BISH 1987-07-23
22 Cyrtandra paludosa East Kauai, Anahola Stream Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 156 Kauai BISH 1969-09-25
23 Cyrtandra paludosa East Maui, Lower shelf of Kipahulu Vallery above Opae stream in stream below Pritchardia Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 2080 Maui BISH 1999-02-11
24 Cyrtandra paludosa East Maui, Middle of Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley near Delta Camp. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1908002 Maui BISH 1996-03-19
25 Cyrtandra paludosa Headwaters of Wailua River, Blue Hole, near east wall Preserved_Specimen Fruits white. Smith, J.F. 4018 Kauai BISH 2000-09-14
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