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Nicandra physalodes

(L.) Gaertn. (1791)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Solanales Family: Solanaceae Genus: Nicandra

apple of peru

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Erect annual herbs up to 2 m tall, with intraxylary phloem, glabrous or sparsely pubescent.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades narrowly to broadly ovate, 4–20 cm long, 2–10 cm wide. Apex acute to acuminate. Base cuneate to attenuate. Upper surfaces with sparse, short, inflated, eglandular hairs; lower surfaces glabrous or nearly so. Margins widely, irregularly, and shallowly dentate or subentire. Petioles 2–6 cm long, narrowly winged above. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in solitary flowers. Flowers bisexual (perfect), actinomorphic, pedicels 1–2 cm long, recurved. Calyx pentagonal, deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate, 1–2 cm long, apex acute to acuminate, base sagittate and often mucronate at basal tips, the lobes appressed along the margins to form longitudinal wings. Corolla actinomorphic, broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, pale blue or mauve with a blue spot on the paler base of each lobe, the lobes 1–2.5 cm long, 0.5–1.5 cm wide, margins entire, obtuse. Stamens 5, inserted at base of corolla, included; anthers dithecal. Ovary superior, irregularly 3–5-celled, placentation axile; ovules numerous; stigma capitate, 3–5-lobed; style 1, thick, erect, 3–6 mm long.

Fruit: Berries pale yellowish; dryish; globose; 1–2 cm in diameter; enclosed in the accrescent; scarious; reticulate calyx; splitting irregularly from base when ripe. Seeds numerous; subdiscoid to broadly reniform; 1.2–2.1 mm long; seed coat reticulate–foveolate; embryo curved around the endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 18–22

Habitat: Dry to mesic; disturbed habitats.

Elevation Range: 3–830 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Fruct. Sem. Pl. 2: 237 (1791)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1260 (K, O, Mo, M, H); Oppenheimer 2010:38 (L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Nicandra physalodes Ewa Beach; Chun's Pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. s.n. Oahu BISH
2 Nicandra physalodes moanalua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. collector number: 1206 Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
3 Nicandra physalodes kaimuki, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN topping, d.l. collector number: 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
4 Nicandra physalodes waipio peninsula; waipio, pouhala marsh between kapakahi & waikele streams gravestones PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. nishida, g. collector number: 96-12 Kauai BISH 12/18/1996
5 Nicandra physalodes diamond head. kapiolani park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 62 Oahu BISH 5/13/1950
6 Nicandra physalodes makakilo gulch Growing together with Kiawe and mixed grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN leu, m. collector number: 66 Oahu BISH 12/4/1987
7 Nicandra physalodes Makawao District, near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park disturbed grasslands PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 5779 Maui BISH 3/3/1988
8 Nicandra physalodes makawao district, near kahului airport, toward kanaha beach park disturbed grasslands PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. imada, c.; takeuchi, w. collector number: 5779 Maui BISH 3/3/1988
9 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch Disturbed area next to pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3917 Lanai HAPI 2/16/1999
10 Nicandra physalodes Waipio Peninsula; Waipio, Pouhala Marsh between Kapakahi & Waikele Streams Occasional herb on wasteland slope on northern border of wetland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 96-12 Oahu BISH 12/18/1996
11 Nicandra physalodes Naiwa, along road to Kaluaapuhi Fishpond just before its junction with Highway 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5707 Molokai BISH 3/8/1976
12 Nicandra physalodes ahihi-kinau natural area reserve, makena-keoneoio road Metrosideros, ferns, Labordia degeneri, Diplazium sandwichianum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN abbott, i.a. norris, f.m. collector number: 91.63 Kauai BISH 3/6/1991
13 Nicandra physalodes Makua Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bryan Jr., E.H. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/17/1932
14 Nicandra physalodes Parker Ranch, Puu Kapu old grass experimental plot PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. 264 Hawaii BISH 5/30/1932
15 Nicandra physalodes kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN davis, j. collector number: 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
16 Nicandra physalodes honolulu district: koko head, ihiihilauakea crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bruegmann, m.m. collector number: 170 Oahu BISH 2/3/1985
17 Nicandra physalodes Kau District. Kau Sugar Mill fallow sugar cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5516 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
18 Nicandra physalodes Kaimuki, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Topping, D.L. 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
19 Nicandra physalodes near sprecklesville, roadside, near sea level PRESERVED_SPECIMEN neal, m.c. Maui BISH 2/23/1930
20 Nicandra physalodes kaimuki roadside PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 2495 Oahu BISH 2/3/1928
21 Nicandra physalodes Waialua. Waste ground by Crozier Drive at Puuiki Street PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Mäkinen, L. 65-381 Oahu BISH 12/12/1965
22 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu, Kaimuki PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Topping, D.L. 2993 Oahu BISH 1/21/1925
23 Nicandra physalodes moanalua valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, c.n. Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
24 Nicandra physalodes Kealia trail, Waianae ridge, above Mokulea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rockafellow, R. s.n. Oahu BISH 11/11/1956
25 Nicandra physalodes W Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. Oppenheimer, H. Collector Number: 3917 Maui BISH 2/16/1999
26 Nicandra physalodes koloa distr., kalaheo, along niho road secondary vegetation with Leucaena PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lorence, d.h. collector number: 7362 Kauai BISH 2/21/1993
27 Nicandra physalodes Makakilo Gulch Growing together with Kiawe and mixed grasses PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Leu, M. 66 Oahu BISH 12/4/1987
28 Nicandra physalodes W Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. 3917 Maui BISH 2/16/1999
29 Nicandra physalodes waialua, near lds church open, ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN afualo, d. collector number: 57 Kauai BISH 3/16/1975
30 Nicandra physalodes Waialua, near LDS church silty loam PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Afualo, D. 57 Oahu BISH 3/16/1975
31 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, land of makaweli; weed in old russian fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5685 Kauai BISH 2/25/1976
32 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, russian fort elizabeth state historical park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. gustafson, r.; wilson, k.; warthen, k. collector number: 3289 Oahu BISH 3/7/1989
33 Nicandra physalodes maui. west maui, s of napili honokowai, s side of kahana stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3917 MO 2/16/1999
34 Nicandra physalodes Near Sprecklesville, roadside, near sea level PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Neal, M.C. s.n. Maui BISH 2/23/1930
35 Nicandra physalodes Ahihi-Kinau Natural Area Reserve, Makena-Keoneoio road Pockets of vegetation in a'a lava and at roadside. Occasional along the roadside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Abbott, I.A. 91.63 Maui BISH 3/6/1991
36 Nicandra physalodes kau district. kau sugar mill fallow sugar cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5516 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
37 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park secondary vegetation throughout park site and especially along western side of site. With Eragrostis spp. and Panicum maximum PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 3289 Kauai BISH 3/7/1989
38 Nicandra physalodes Wailuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rock, J.F.C. 870 Maui BISH 8/1/1909
39 Nicandra physalodes waialua. waste ground by crozier drive at puuiki street PRESERVED_SPECIMEN mäkinen, l. mäkinen, y. collector number: 65-381 Hawaii BISH 12/12/1965
40 Nicandra physalodes hanapepe and wahiawa watershed, ridge west of hte hanapape river PRESERVED_SPECIMEN urbain jean faurie; b.1847; d.1915; faurie 1082 NHMUK
41 Nicandra physalodes Maui. West Maui, S of Napili Honokowai, S side of Kahana Stream Disturbed area next to pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3917 NY 2/16/1999
42 Nicandra physalodes PMRF North gate entrance. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Craig Kaneshige s.n. Kauai PTBG 12/22/2008
43 Nicandra physalodes KAUAI: Koloa Distr., Kalaheo, along Niho Road, secondary vegetation, elevation 130 m. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 7362 Kauai PTBG 2/21/1993
44 Nicandra physalodes Public Hunting Area #1, above Waimea and Panini Heights. Along overflow stream from Kekaha Ditch. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1054 Kauai PTBG 4/1/1985
45 Nicandra physalodes KAUAI: Waimea District. Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park, Waimea. Secondary vegetation throughout park site and especially along western side of site. With Eragrostis and Panicum maximum. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 3289 Kauai PTBG 3/7/1989
46 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School. Naturalizing on side of Rd. under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1393 Kauai PTBG 6/1/2007
47 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu. Manoa Valley. Woodlawn Drive. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. M. Bush 282 Oahu PTBG 12/31/1975
48 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch. On dry slopes and talus. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H50807 Lanai PTBG 5/29/2008
49 Nicandra physalodes MAUI: Makawao District. Disturbed grasslands near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. L. Wagner 5779 Maui PTBG 3/3/1988
50 Nicandra physalodes MAUI: W. Maui, Wailuku District, Waihe'e, growing along an unimproved road near the Waihe'e Stream bridge & Kehekili Hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H110035 Maui PTBG 11/27/2000
51 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., at Palehua Road. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN V. J. Krajina 611029066 Oahu PTBG 10/29/1961
52 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tangalin, N. 1393 Kauai US 6/1/2007
53 Nicandra physalodes Honaunau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hitchcock, A. S. 14550 Hawaii US 9/3/2016
54 Nicandra physalodes PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. b. hillebrand 384 Hawaii US
55 Nicandra physalodes honaunau PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. s. hitchcock 14550 Hawaii US 9/3/1916
56 Nicandra physalodes Naiwa, along rd. to Kaluaapuhi Fishpond just before its junction with hwy. 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Spence, G. 5707 Molokai US 3/8/1976
57 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, land of makaweli, in old russian fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishakawa 5685 Kauai US 2/25/1976
58 Nicandra physalodes kealia trail, waianae ridge, above mokulea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rockafellow, r. Oahu BISH 11/11/1956
59 Nicandra physalodes Makawao District, near Kahului Airport, toward Kanaha Beach Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L.; Imada, C. T.; Takeuchi, W. N. 5779 Maui US 3/3/1988
60 Nicandra physalodes near kahului airport PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oahu US
61 Nicandra physalodes Manoa Valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sideris, J. s.n. Oahu US 1/9/1932
62 Nicandra physalodes honolulu district, koko head, ihiihilauakea crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN m. bruegmann 170 Oahu US 2/3/1985
63 Nicandra physalodes manoa valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. sideris s.n. Oahu US 1/9/1932
64 Nicandra physalodes PRESERVED_SPECIMEN urbain jean faurie; b.1847; d.1915; faurie 870 US
65 Nicandra physalodes ewa beach; chun's pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN woolford, h.a. Oahu BISH
66 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, land of Makaweli; weed in old Russian Fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5685 Kauai BISH 2/25/1976
67 Nicandra physalodes Koloa Distr., Kalaheo, along Niho Road secondary vegetation with Leucaena PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lorence, D.H. 7362 Kauai BISH 2/21/1993
68 Nicandra physalodes w maui, s of napili honokowai, s side of kahana stream PRESERVED_SPECIMEN annable, c.r. oppenheimer, h. collector number: 3917 Oahu BISH 2/16/1999
69 Nicandra physalodes koko head, near seashore PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 160 Oahu BISH 2/28/1930
70 Nicandra physalodes near nanakuli PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: 7403 Kauai BISH 12/1/1925
71 Nicandra physalodes waimea district, russian fort elizabeth state historical park, waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. w. flynn, r. gustafson, k. wilson & k. warthen 3289 Kauai US 3/7/1989
72 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, land of Makaweli, in old Russian Fort PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishakawa, S. 5685 Kauai US 2/25/1976
73 Nicandra physalodes kau district, fallow sugar cane field by kau sugar mill. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & s. ishikawa 5516 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
74 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu District, Koko Head, Ihiihilauakea Crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bruegmann, M. M. 170 Oahu US 2/3/1985
75 Nicandra physalodes kekaha, kokee rd, about 1 mile from kekaha school. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN n. tangalin 1393 Kauai US 6/1/2007
76 Nicandra physalodes Waimea District, Russian Fort Elizabeth State Historical Park, Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. W.; Gustafson, R.; Wilson, K.; Warthen, K. 3289 Kauai US 3/7/1989
77 Nicandra physalodes naiwa, along rd. to kaluaapuhi fishpond just before its junction with hwy. 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5707 Kauai US 3/8/1976
78 Nicandra physalodes Kau District, fallow sugar cane field by Kau Sugar Mill. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Ishikawa, S. 5516 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
79 Nicandra physalodes makawao district, near kahului airport, toward kanaha beach park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner, c. imada & w. n. takeuchi 5779 Maui US 3/3/1988
80 Nicandra physalodes makua valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN bryan jr., e.h. Oahu BISH 1/17/1932
81 Nicandra physalodes Lawai Valley. Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden. Along roadsides in valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Derral Herbst 2292 Kauai PTBG 1/3/1972
82 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., at Palehua Road PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Krajina, V.J. 611029066 Oahu BISH 10/29/1961
83 Nicandra physalodes Koko Head, near seashore PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 160 Oahu BISH 2/28/1930
84 Nicandra physalodes wailuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rock, j.f.c. collector number: 870 Maui BISH 8/8/1909
85 Nicandra physalodes hawaii national park. volcano house garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN fagerlund, g.o. mitchell, a.l. collector number: 222 Hawaii BISH 12/1/1942
86 Nicandra physalodes Kaimuki roadside PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 2495 Oahu BISH 2/3/1928
87 Nicandra physalodes naiwa, along road to kaluaapuhi fishpond just before its junction with highway 46 PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. spence, g. collector number: 5707 Molokai BISH 3/8/1976
88 Nicandra physalodes waianae mts., at palehua road talus bank PRESERVED_SPECIMEN krajina, v.j. collector number: 611029066 Oahu BISH 10/29/1961
89 Nicandra physalodes kekaha, kokee rd, about 1 mile from kekaha school Naturalizing on side of Rd under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN tangalin, n. collector number: 1393 Kauai BISH 6/1/2007
90 Nicandra physalodes Kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Davis, J. Collector Number: 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
91 Nicandra physalodes Waianae Mts., along gulch at mouth of Ekahanui Gulch Weed of pineapple field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5274 Oahu BISH 8/8/1975
92 Nicandra physalodes manoa valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN sideris, j. Oahu BISH 1/9/1932
93 Nicandra physalodes parker ranch, puu kapu old grass experimental plot PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 264 Hawaii BISH 5/30/1932
94 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu, Manoa Valley arid cane field PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. H201 Oahu BISH 9/27/1922
95 Nicandra physalodes Hawaii National Park. Volcano House garden PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Fagerlund, G.O. 222 Hawaii BISH 12/1/1942
96 Nicandra physalodes Kekaha, Kokee Rd, about 1 mile from Kekaha School Naturalizing on side of Rd under large Pithecellobium saman trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tangalin, N. 1393 Kauai BISH 6/1/2007
97 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Perlman, S. Collector Number: H50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
98 Nicandra physalodes Kamuela, growing with Sida rhombifolia and Oenothera laciniata. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Davis, J. 512 Hawaii BISH 6/14/1981
99 Nicandra physalodes Diamond Head. Kapiolani Park PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 62 Oahu BISH 5/13/1950
100 Nicandra physalodes Moanalua PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, C.N. 1206 Oahu BISH 3/18/1909
101 Nicandra physalodes Near Nanakuli roadside in dry region PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 7403 Oahu BISH 12/1/1925
102 Nicandra physalodes waianae mts., along gulch at mouth of ekahanui gulch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5274 Oahu BISH 8/8/1975
103 Nicandra physalodes Maunalei Gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
104 Nicandra physalodes honolulu, manoa valley Metrosideros-Acacia montane mesic forest with Alphitonia, Pouteria, Xylosma hawaiiensis, Claoxylon, Mysine laniensis, Wikstroemia furcata, Dodonaea, Kadua affinis, Melicope ovata, M. anisata, M. barbigera, Dracaena aurea, Plyscias kavaien.Psychotri PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. collector number: h201 Kauai BISH 9/27/1922
105 Nicandra physalodes Honolulu District: Koko Head, Ihiihilauakea Crater PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Bruegmann, M.M. 170 Oahu BISH 2/3/1985
106 Nicandra physalodes Manoa Valley; fields PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Sideris, J. s.n. Oahu BISH 1/9/1932
107 Nicandra physalodes maunalei gulch dry slope, talus PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. perlman, s. collector number: h50807 Lanai BISH 5/29/2008
108 Nicandra physalodes Pohakupuna Rd PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. s.n. Oahu BISH
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