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Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii

(Rock) Fosberg (1964)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Gentianales Family: Rubiaceae Genus: Psychotria

‘ōpiko, kōpiko ‘ula

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Trees up to 12 m tall.

Stems: Branches grayish, reddish, or yellowish brown.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades elliptic, obovate to orbicular, 2.5–20.5 cm long, 2–9 cm wide. Apex obtuse to rounded, sometimes with a short abrupt point. Base acuminate, acute, obtuse, or nearly truncate. Lower surfaces usually reddish or rusty pubescent, blades chartaceous to coriaceous, ± with domatia in vein axils. Margins entire. Lateral veins 5–13 pairs. Petioles 0.5–4.7 cm long. Stipules broadly ovate to obovate, up to 8 mm long, usually glabrous but with a flattened patch of bristle-like hairs in the axil.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences with verticillate branching, the branches usually verticillately branched again, and the secondary branches again branched, the ultimate branches terminated by a 3–flowered cymule, peduncles 1–7.5 cm long, terminal flower of each cymule sessile, lateral ones often on short pedicels, inflorescence axes reddish, yellowish brown, or whitish pubescent, sometimes densely so, or glabrous. Flowers insect-pollinated, functionally unisexual, usually heterostylous, 4–5-merous. Calyx 4-6-lobed, 2–3 mm long, somewhat dilated toward apex, glabrous or pubescent, truncate or with very small obtuse lobes. Corolla white, 4-6-lobed, tube 1–2 mm long at anthesis, slightly or not dilated toward apex, throat glabrous or occasionally pubescent, the lobes usually thick, ovate, 1.6–3 mm long at anthesis, reflexed; nectary disk present at apex of ovary. Stamens as many as and alternate with the corolla lobes; filaments of staminate flowers ca. 1 mm long, usually inserted on the corolla tube or throat; anthers attached at base, exserted at anthesis in functionally staminate flowers, oblong–ovate, ca. 1 mm long, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary inferior, occasionally partly so, or very rarely superior, 2–celled; ovules 1 per cell, placentation basal, erect, anatropous, 1.2–2 mm long; style as many as carpels, 1.5–2.2 mm long, terminal, slender; stigmas 2, lobed or capitate, divaricate, up to 1.5 mm long, glabrous or pubescent, divergent in functionally pistillate flowers, appressed in functionally staminat flowers, dry or occasionally wet.

Fruit: Fruit drupaceous; orange; ovoid or obpyriform; glabrous or pubescent; 6–8(–10) mm long; including the collar-like persistent calyx at apex and the persistent disk; disk ± protruding from calyx; pyrenes hemispherical in cross section; endocarp usually thick and hard. Seeds 1 per pyrene; usually conforming to the form of the pyrene; seed coat thin; with T-shaped invaginations on the ventral surface; endosperm otherwise not ruminate; carnose; the embryo small with flat; thin cotyledons; seeds with well-developed oily endosperm; or endosperm occasionally scanty or absent.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in wet forest; sometimes in dry to mesic forest; on Moloka'i; Maui; and most common on Hawai'i.

Elevation Range: 150–1,530 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Molokai Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Brittonia 16: 270 (1964)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1165 (Mo, M, H)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 12586 Hawaii BISH 1915-07-01
2 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii National Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen tree; flowers dull white, 5 or 4 petaled Stone, B.C. 3072 Hawaii BISH 1959-08-08
3 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kau, Manuka Mauka Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11334 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-26
4 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley along USFWS TR#16 Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 2140 Maui BISH 2002-04-24
5 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kohala Mts. Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8370 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
6 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley above Delta Camp Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 1880 Maui BISH 2021-05-12
7 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Puuaulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1026 Hawaii BISH 1915-07-01
8 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1915-08-01
9 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii near Mauna Loa Road Preserved_Specimen Krajina, V.J. 611226001 Hawaii BISH 1961-12-26
10 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley near Fern Camp on east side of Palikea stream. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 2087001 Maui BISH 1999-11-09
11 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Morley, H. Hawaii BISH 1934-06-01
12 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 22 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
13 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Paauhau No. 2 Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3436 Hawaii BISH 1909-07-06
14 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Paauhau No.2 Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3434 Hawaii BISH
15 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Lower Shelf of Kipahulu Valley above Delta Camp, along Delta Falls Trail. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 2263 Maui BISH 2009-05-12
16 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Kipuka Ki--Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
17 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Volcanoes National Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Sohmer, S.H. 6317 Hawaii BISH 1970-01-08
18 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Kipuka Ki Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
19 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Ki--Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
20 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
21 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Bird Park Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-03
22 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1927-07-01
23 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
24 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Bird Park, Kilauea, Kau Preserved_Specimen Giffard, W.M. Hawaii BISH 1927-08-09
25 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu? Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH
26 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Volcano, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. Hawaii BISH 1908-09-01
27 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii [? Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
28 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1930-06-01
29 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Mauna Loa Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1911-07-01
30 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Mauna Loa, Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Hawaii BISH 1911-08-01
31 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Hualalai Preserved_Specimen Meebold, A. Hawaii BISH 1932-05-01
32 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii National Park, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1917-08-01
33 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kaalapuuwale, Kona Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 287 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-30
34 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Manuka Preserved_Specimen Russ, G.W. Hawaii BISH 1927-09-01
35 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Hana, Keanae, N Haleakala, Koolau Forest Reserve, along W fork of W Wailuaiki Stream wet ohia forest with native trees, shrubs, treefern Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9055 Maui BISH 1980-05-31
36 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kau Dist., Manuka Mauka On aa, wooded kipuka Preserved_Specimen 20 ft. high St.John, H. 11325 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-24
37 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Keauhou Ranch Epiphytic on koa log in disturbed Cibotium - Metrosideros forest, growing in skid trail near TK-H. Preserved_Specimen Tree 12' ht. spread 4' x 6', dbh 3. Flowers white. Clarke, G. 79.271 Hawaii BISH 1979-10-25
38 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii NW end of Honaunau Forest Res., s. Kona Dist rain forest Preserved_Specimen tree 8 m. X 2 dm. St.John, H. 18523 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-26
39 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.2 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or up Mauna Loa Strip Road about 200 meters from parking circle at Kipuka Puaulu. Plant was about 30 meters 20° north of road. (plot 19) Acacia - Sapindus savanna community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 159 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-26
40 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Stainback Hy. 10 mi sw. of Hilo, Waiakea Forest Reserve Metrosideros forest, cutover, secondary Preserved_Specimen Shrub 10 ft. Little Jr., E.L. 31279 Hawaii BISH 1976-09-23
41 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.2 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or up Mauna Loa Strip Road about 200 meters from parking circle at Kipuka Puaulu. Plant was about 30 meters 20° north of road. (plot 19) Acacia - Sapindus savanna community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 160 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-26
42 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii S. Kona, Honaunau Forest Reserve near Kealakekua Ranch Closed Acacia - Metrosideros forest, frequent part of mixed native understory. Preserved_Specimen 10-20 ft. tree. Fruit orange, no flowers seen. Corn, C. 167 Hawaii BISH 1980-03-28
43 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Drive up Kulani Prison Road about 10.3 miles toward Kulani Prison from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway near Hilo; up Kulani Prison Road 5.3 miles towards Kulani Prison from intersection with volcano Road; Metrosideros - Cibotium forest community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 722 Hawaii BISH 1966-09-01
44 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Bird Park, Hawaii National Park, Kilauea Tree, 30 ft. high Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 11269 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-22
45 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii National Park, Kipuka Puaulu Dodonaea, Myoporum, Charpentiera, Pipturus Preserved_Specimen Gillett, G.W. 1395 Hawaii BISH 1963-11-23
46 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Keauhou Ranch, (near T-KH), Kau District Disturbed Metrosideros - Acacia koa forest beside skid trail. Preserved_Specimen Small tree, 9 ft. tall, flowers tubular, white, 5 corolla lobes, 5 stamen. Cuddihy, L.W. 17 Hawaii BISH 1979-10-25
47 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Drive to Kipuka Puaulu located about 1.5 miles up the Mauna Loa Strip Road from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway. Plant was about halfway around Kipuka Puaulu Nature Trail on side trail leading to the Big Koa tree. (plot 62) Acacia-Sapindus-Microlepia community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 1031 Hawaii BISH 1967-06-28
48 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii end of rte 148A, NE of Kilauea rain forest Preserved_Specimen to 30' tree Degener, O. 27714 Hawaii BISH 1961-07-13
49 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Drive to end of Kulani Prison Road about 3 miles past Kulani Prison (Honor) Camp; or 19 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway near Hilo Mixed Acacia - Metrosideros - Cibotium community Preserved_Specimen Newell, C.L. 497 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-21
50 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kau Dist., Manuka Mauka On aa, wooded kipuka Preserved_Specimen 20 ft. high St.John, H. 11325 Hawaii BISH 1931-12-24
51 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii In Laupahoehoe Section of Hilo Forest Reserve In Metrosideros - Acacia forest with a dense ground cover, Athyrium sandwichianum. Preserved_Specimen A 12 ft. tree with 4 inch basal diameter and 15 ft. spread, good vigor. Clarke, G. 573 Hawaii BISH 1981-03-03
52 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Makai of Papaloa, Capt Cook, Kona forested cattle range Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 20241 Hawaii BISH 1949-08-16
53 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii South Kohala District; Umipoho Gulch area above Koia sanctuary Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Clermontia spp., Adenophorus spp., Dryopteris spp., Astelia, Coprosma. Bryophytes are common in the shrub layer and Pteridophytes are abundant. Threats: Pigs, Juncus spp., Axonopus fissifolius. Preserved_Specimen 5 m. tall, many-branched tree; single trunk brown-black, 15 cm. diameter; petiole yellow-green; leaves glossy, dark green reticulate with white nerve above, paler below with white or brown hairs; peduncle light green with white or brown hairs. Wood, K.R. 4671 Hawaii BISH 1995-10-16
54 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii south Hilo district, along Saddle Road ca. 20 km from Hilo in forest reserve. In Koa, Metrosideros, Cibotium forest; fairly common Preserved_Specimen small tree ca. 3-4 m. high. Herat, T. 713 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-22
55 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Judd Trail, Kaumalumalu, N. Kona Dist in pastured remnant of Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen tree 8 m. X 2 dm.; fruit yellow St.John, H. 24023 Hawaii BISH 1950-01-02
56 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii 22 Mile road, 2-1/2 miles NE of Glenwood, Olaa, Puna Dist rain forest Preserved_Specimen tree 10 m. X 2.5 dm. St.John, H. 18491 Hawaii BISH 1937-12-22
57 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii 11 miles up Kulani Road from 15-3/4 Mile Road, Waiakea, South Hilo Dist wet Metrosideros forest with Cibotium Preserved_Specimen tree 9 m. X 1.5 dm. St.John, H. 22331 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-24
58 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Southwest flank of Mauna Loa Vegetation: Closed Metrosideros; substrate mixed soil and aa rock outcrops; understory consisting of Athyrium, Cibotium, Cyrtomium, Nephrolepis, Psidium and Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 6038 Hawaii BISH 1977-07-05
59 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu, Kilauea moist broadleaf forest Preserved_Specimen 2 m shrub; ripe fruit orange, 1 stone well develped, turgid, other thin, concave, sterile Fosberg, F.R. 44454 Hawaii BISH 1963-11-23
60 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Located on the Mauna Loa Strip Road about 2.2 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway; or up Mauna Loa Strip Road about 200 meters from parking circle at Kipuka Puaulu. Plant was about 30 meters 20° north of road. (plot 19) Acacia - Sapindus savanna community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 158 Hawaii BISH 1966-07-26
61 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii 11 miles up Kulani Road from 15-3/4 Mile Road, Waiakea, South Hilo Dist wet Metrosideros forest with Cibotium Preserved_Specimen tree 9 m. X 1.5 dm. St.John, H. 22331 Hawaii BISH 1946-12-24
62 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Drive to Kipuka Puaulu located about 1.5 miles up the Mauna Loa Strip Road from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway. Plant was about halfway around Kipuka Puaulu Nature Trail on side trail leading to the Big Koa tree. (plot 62) Acacia-Sapindus-Microlepia community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 1032 Hawaii BISH 1967-06-28
63 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Keauhou, near Kipuka Puaulu understory shrub to 8 foot height, forest canopy of Sapindus saponaria and Acacia koa Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 3729 Hawaii BISH 1987-11-26
64 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Drive to Kipuka Puaulu located about 1.5 miles up the Mauna Loa Strip Road from intersection with Kona-Hilo Highway. Plant was about halfway around Kipuka Puaulu Nature Trail on side trail leading to the Big Koa tree. (plot 62) Acacia-Sapindus-Microlepia community Preserved_Specimen Tree Newell, C.L. 1033 Hawaii BISH 1967-06-28
65 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii south Hilo district, along Saddle Road ca. 20 km from Hilo in forest reserve. In Koa, Metrosideros, Cibotium forest; fairly common Preserved_Specimen small tree ca. 3-4 m. high. Herat, T. 713 Hawaii BISH 1974-06-22
66 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Paauhau Preserved_Specimen tall tree Rock, J.F.C. 8327 Hawaii BISH 1910-06-01
67 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Papaala Pali, west of Kaunuohua In closed Metrosideros forest with Cheirodendron, Ilex, Myrsine, Pelea, Coprosma, Labordia hedyosmifolia var. centralis, and Cyrtandra spp. Vines of Smilax sandwicensis and Stenogyne kamehamehae also present. Preserved_Specimen Tree 15 ft. tall, 3 inch d.b.h., mossy trunk. Flowers white, fruit green and orange. Davis, J. 763 Molokai BISH 1982-05-20
68 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Judd Trail, Kaumalumalu, N. Kona Dist in pastured remnant of Metrosideros forest Preserved_Specimen tree 8 m. X 2 dm.; fruit yellow St.John, H. 24023 Hawaii BISH 1950-01-02
69 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Volcanoes National Park, Kipuka Puaulu (Bird Park) Preserved_Specimen short styled flowers; population of plants with either long- and short styled flowers, only long styled flowering plants with fruits Kiehn, M. 89073122 Hawaii BISH 1989-07-31
70 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii East Maui, Hana District, Koolau FR, eastern tributary headwaters of Waiokamilo Stream Occasional trees in wet forest. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Perrottetia, Kadua, Broussaisia, Clermontia, Melicope, Smilax, Diplazium, Pteris, Cyrtandra, Leptecophylla, Coprosma, Vaccinium, Athyrium. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 7100725 Maui BISH 2007-10-24
71 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Puaulu, Kilauea Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 543 Hawaii BISH 1922-09-16
72 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kilauea, Kipuka Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Tree 11 m. high MacDaniels, L.H. 222 Hawaii BISH 1926-11-10
73 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Puu a ulu Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1026 Hawaii BISH 1915-07-01
74 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Volcanoes National Park, Kipuka Puaulu (Bird Park) Preserved_Specimen long styled flowers; population of plants with either long- and short styled flowers, only long styled flowering plants with fruits. Kiehn, M. 89073122 Hawaii BISH 1989-07-13
75 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kipuka Ki--Puaulu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8779 Hawaii BISH 1911-04-01
76 Psychotria hawaiiensis var. hillebrandii Kapapala, Kau Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 402 Hawaii BISH 1911-08-04
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