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Cymbopogon refractus

(R.Br.) A.Camus (1921)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Cymbopogon

barbwire grass, soap grass

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Flowers:

Fruit:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

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Bibliography

Name Published In: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 1: 270 (1921)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1519 (K, O, Mo, M, H); Herbst & Clayton 1998:21 (Ni, L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 Lanai HAPI 2/5/1999
2 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. collector number: 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
3 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi. NE Pasture grass PreservedSpecimen St. John, H. Collector Number: 22794 Niihau BISH Specimen 8/14/1947
4 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Lanai HAPI 9/8/1996
5 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Wailaulau, Pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Medeiros, A.C. 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
6 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
7 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
8 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiapaa gulch, se of lanai city, leeward side of lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. puttock, c.; kahihikolo, s. collector number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
9 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
10 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, SSE of Keamuka Camp, ca. 0.5 mile W of Puu Heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
11 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona Occasional in dry grassland vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stemmermann, R.L. 7133C Hawaii BISH 4/9/1987
12 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K.R. 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
13 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch, sse of keamuka camp, ca. 0.5 mile w of puu heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. warshauer, f.r.; gagne, w. collector number: 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
14 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Maui. 3km SSE of junction of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd, at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
15 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
16 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona District; land of Kapua, near Kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
17 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. Collector Number: 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
18 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
19 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Wood, K.R. Collector Number: H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
20 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district; land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
21 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, makawao district, 3km sse of junctin of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd. at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN annable, c.r. collector number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
22 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus hanapepe valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. ordonez, e. collector number: 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
23 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. kjargaard, m. collector number: 7133c Kauai BISH 4/9/1987
24 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kiekie, 0.5 mi. ne Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
25 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus maui. 3km sse of junction of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd, at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
26 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Hwy), ca. 8.5 miles from Waimea. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1287 Hawaii PTBG 10/16/1985
27 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge. On dry,open ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80624 Lanai PTBG 8/16/2006
28 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. ripperton 3 Oahu US 1/8/1932
29 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, southeast of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope. On steep, dry gulch slopes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clyde Imada 2002-47 Lanai PTBG 8/13/2002
30 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puniuohua. In pastures. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80606 Molokai PTBG 8/10/2006
31 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, Puu Hinai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. R. Ewart III 233 Hawaii PTBG 1/12/1932
32 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus E. Maui, pasture between Kailua and Kahakapao gulches. Sparingly naturalized in pasture, ungrazed by cattle. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80801 Maui PTBG 8/1/2008
33 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11623 Kauai PTBG 11/22/2005
34 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Koloa District, National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawa`i Valley, along E side of Papalina Road N of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
35 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. shipman s.n. Hawaii US
36 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district, land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow. Scrubland PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. nagata 2773 Hawaii US 1/7/1984
37 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district, makakupu, along mamalahoa hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5523 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
38 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi NE Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
39 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamoku, s. kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN shipman, h.c. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
40 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district; makapu, along mamalahoa highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
41 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu holoholoku, near saddle rd., south kohala district PRESERVED_SPECIMEN cuddihy, l.w. collector number: 862 Maui BISH 9/10/1981
42 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
43 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood 11623 Hawaii US 11/22/2005
44 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus koloa district, national tropical botanical garden in lawa`i valley, along e side of papalina road n of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. h. lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
45 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Oahu BISH 1/12/1932
46 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawai Valley; leased pastureland along east side of Papalina road above (north of) headquarters. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 7809 Kauai PTBG 9/8/1996
47 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. Collector Number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
48 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Keamoku, S. Kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Shipman, H.C. s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
49 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, near makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ambrose, n.f. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
50 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus wailaulau, pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN medeiros, a.c. collector number: 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
51 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, near Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ambrose, N.F. s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
52 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
53 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kainalu, monroe ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN whitney, l.d. collector number: 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
54 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
55 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puhielelu ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. wood, k.r. collector number: h80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
56 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kainalu, Monroe Ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Whitney, L.D. 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
57 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kohala; hawaii belt road (mamalahoa highway) ca. 8 miles from waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
58 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
59 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hanapepe Valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
60 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Puttock, C.; Kahihikolo, S. Collector Number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
61 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Hinai, Parker Ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
62 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
63 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kau District; Makapu, along Mamalahoa Highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
64 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
65 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kohala; Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Highway) ca. 8 miles from Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
66 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 Lanai HAPI 2/5/1999
67 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. collector number: 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
68 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi. NE Pasture grass PreservedSpecimen St. John, H. Collector Number: 22794 Niihau BISH Specimen 8/14/1947
69 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Lanai HAPI 9/8/1996
70 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Wailaulau, Pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Medeiros, A.C. 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
71 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
72 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
73 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiapaa gulch, se of lanai city, leeward side of lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. puttock, c.; kahihikolo, s. collector number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
74 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
75 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, SSE of Keamuka Camp, ca. 0.5 mile W of Puu Heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
76 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona Occasional in dry grassland vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stemmermann, R.L. 7133C Hawaii BISH 4/9/1987
77 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K.R. 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
78 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch, sse of keamuka camp, ca. 0.5 mile w of puu heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. warshauer, f.r.; gagne, w. collector number: 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
79 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Maui. 3km SSE of junction of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd, at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
80 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
81 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona District; land of Kapua, near Kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
82 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. Collector Number: 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
83 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
84 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Wood, K.R. Collector Number: H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
85 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district; land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
86 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, makawao district, 3km sse of junctin of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd. at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN annable, c.r. collector number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
87 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus hanapepe valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. ordonez, e. collector number: 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
88 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. kjargaard, m. collector number: 7133c Kauai BISH 4/9/1987
89 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kiekie, 0.5 mi. ne Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
90 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus maui. 3km sse of junction of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd, at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
91 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Hwy), ca. 8.5 miles from Waimea. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1287 Hawaii PTBG 10/16/1985
92 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge. On dry,open ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80624 Lanai PTBG 8/16/2006
93 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. ripperton 3 Oahu US 1/8/1932
94 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, southeast of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope. On steep, dry gulch slopes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clyde Imada 2002-47 Lanai PTBG 8/13/2002
95 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puniuohua. In pastures. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80606 Molokai PTBG 8/10/2006
96 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, Puu Hinai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. R. Ewart III 233 Hawaii PTBG 1/12/1932
97 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus E. Maui, pasture between Kailua and Kahakapao gulches. Sparingly naturalized in pasture, ungrazed by cattle. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80801 Maui PTBG 8/1/2008
98 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11623 Kauai PTBG 11/22/2005
99 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Koloa District, National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawa`i Valley, along E side of Papalina Road N of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
100 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. shipman s.n. Hawaii US
101 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district, land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow. Scrubland PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. nagata 2773 Hawaii US 1/7/1984
102 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district, makakupu, along mamalahoa hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5523 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
103 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi NE Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
104 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamoku, s. kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN shipman, h.c. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
105 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district; makapu, along mamalahoa highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
106 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu holoholoku, near saddle rd., south kohala district PRESERVED_SPECIMEN cuddihy, l.w. collector number: 862 Maui BISH 9/10/1981
107 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
108 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood 11623 Hawaii US 11/22/2005
109 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus koloa district, national tropical botanical garden in lawa`i valley, along e side of papalina road n of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. h. lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
110 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Oahu BISH 1/12/1932
111 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawai Valley; leased pastureland along east side of Papalina road above (north of) headquarters. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 7809 Kauai PTBG 9/8/1996
112 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. Collector Number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
113 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Keamoku, S. Kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Shipman, H.C. s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
114 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, near makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ambrose, n.f. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
115 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus wailaulau, pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN medeiros, a.c. collector number: 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
116 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, near Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ambrose, N.F. s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
117 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
118 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kainalu, monroe ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN whitney, l.d. collector number: 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
119 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
120 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puhielelu ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. wood, k.r. collector number: h80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
121 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kainalu, Monroe Ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Whitney, L.D. 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
122 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kohala; hawaii belt road (mamalahoa highway) ca. 8 miles from waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
123 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
124 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hanapepe Valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
125 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Puttock, C.; Kahihikolo, S. Collector Number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
126 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Hinai, Parker Ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
127 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
128 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kau District; Makapu, along Mamalahoa Highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
129 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
130 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kohala; Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Highway) ca. 8 miles from Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
131 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 Lanai HAPI 2/5/1999
132 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wood, k.r. collector number: 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
133 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi. NE Pasture grass PreservedSpecimen St. John, H. Collector Number: 22794 Niihau BISH Specimen 8/14/1947
134 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Lanai HAPI 9/8/1996
135 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Wailaulau, Pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Medeiros, A.C. 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
136 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
137 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
138 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiapaa gulch, se of lanai city, leeward side of lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN imada, c.t. puttock, c.; kahihikolo, s. collector number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
139 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
140 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, SSE of Keamuka Camp, ca. 0.5 mile W of Puu Heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W.L. 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
141 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona Occasional in dry grassland vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Stemmermann, R.L. 7133C Hawaii BISH 4/9/1987
142 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wood, K.R. 11623 Kauai BISH 11/22/2005
143 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch, sse of keamuka camp, ca. 0.5 mile w of puu heewai Along road in deep soil PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wagner, w.l. warshauer, f.r.; gagne, w. collector number: 4730 Hawaii BISH 11/21/1982
144 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Maui. 3km SSE of junction of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd, at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN C. R. Annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
145 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus waiawa PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 9/19/1936
146 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kona District; land of Kapua, near Kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
147 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Cuddihy, L.W. Collector Number: 862 Hawaii BISH 9/10/1981
148 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
149 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Wood, K.R. Collector Number: H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
150 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district; land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 2773 Hawaii BISH 1/7/1984
151 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, makawao district, 3km sse of junctin of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd. at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN annable, c.r. collector number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
152 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus hanapepe valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN degener, o. ordonez, e. collector number: 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
153 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN stemmermann, r.l. kjargaard, m. collector number: 7133c Kauai BISH 4/9/1987
154 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kiekie, 0.5 mi. ne Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN st.john, h. collector number: 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
155 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus maui. 3km sse of junction of haleakala hwy & hanamu rd, at kaluapulani gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove PRESERVED_SPECIMEN c. r. annable 3899 NY 2/5/1999
156 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Hwy), ca. 8.5 miles from Waimea. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1287 Hawaii PTBG 10/16/1985
157 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge. On dry,open ridge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80624 Lanai PTBG 8/16/2006
158 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. ripperton 3 Oahu US 1/8/1932
159 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, southeast of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope. On steep, dry gulch slopes. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clyde Imada 2002-47 Lanai PTBG 8/13/2002
160 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puniuohua. In pastures. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80606 Molokai PTBG 8/10/2006
161 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Parker Ranch, Puu Hinai. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN G. R. Ewart III 233 Hawaii PTBG 1/12/1932
162 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus E. Maui, pasture between Kailua and Kahakapao gulches. Sparingly naturalized in pasture, ungrazed by cattle. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H80801 Maui PTBG 8/1/2008
163 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Pohaukao, along trail. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN K. R. Wood 11623 Kauai PTBG 11/22/2005
164 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Koloa District, National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawa`i Valley, along E side of Papalina Road N of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
165 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamuku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN h. shipman s.n. Hawaii US
166 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kona district, land of kapua, near kaulanamauna flow. Scrubland PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. nagata 2773 Hawaii US 1/7/1984
167 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district, makakupu, along mamalahoa hwy. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5523 Hawaii US 10/21/1975
168 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kiekie, 0.5 mi NE Pasture grass PRESERVED_SPECIMEN St. John, H. 22794 Niihau BISH 8/14/1947
169 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus keamoku, s. kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN shipman, h.c. collector number: s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
170 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kau district; makapu, along mamalahoa highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. ishikawa, s. collector number: 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
171 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu holoholoku, near saddle rd., south kohala district PRESERVED_SPECIMEN cuddihy, l.w. collector number: 862 Maui BISH 9/10/1981
172 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hosaka, E.Y. 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
173 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus pohaukao, along trail. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. r. wood 11623 Hawaii US 11/22/2005
174 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus koloa district, national tropical botanical garden in lawa`i valley, along e side of papalina road n of headquarters PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. h. lorence 7809 Kauai US 9/8/1996
175 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu hinai, parker ranch PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ewart iii, g.r. collector number: 233 Oahu BISH 1/12/1932
176 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus National Tropical Botanical Garden in Lawai Valley; leased pastureland along east side of Papalina road above (north of) headquarters. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 7809 Kauai PTBG 9/8/1996
177 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. Collector Number: 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
178 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Keamoku, S. Kohala PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Shipman, H.C. s.n. Hawaii BISH 12/1/1929
179 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus east maui, near makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN ambrose, n.f. collector number: s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
180 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus wailaulau, pahini planeze PRESERVED_SPECIMEN medeiros, a.c. collector number: 240 Maui BISH 7/23/1982
181 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, near Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ambrose, N.F. s.n. Maui BISH 11/7/1931
182 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
183 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kainalu, monroe ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN whitney, l.d. collector number: 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
184 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hosaka, e.y. collector number: 1441 Hawaii BISH 7/21/1936
185 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puhielelu ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. wood, k.r. collector number: h80624 Lanai BISH 8/16/2006
186 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kainalu, Monroe Ranch In open pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Whitney, L.D. 445 Molokai BISH 9/4/1936
187 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus south kohala; hawaii belt road (mamalahoa highway) ca. 8 miles from waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. collector number: 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
188 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus puu manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
189 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Hanapepe Valley Escaped along dry rocky slope PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Degener, O. 12669 Kauai BISH 12/29/1939
190 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Imada, C.T. Puttock, C.; Kahihikolo, S. Collector Number: 2002-47 Lanai BISH 8/13/2002
191 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Hinai, Parker Ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Ewart III, G.R. 233 Hawaii BISH 1/12/1932
192 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Puu Manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 3716 Lanai BISH 11/8/1987
193 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus Kau District; Makapu, along Mamalahoa Highway PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5523 Hawaii BISH 10/21/1975
194 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Annable, C.R. 3899 Maui BISH 2/5/1999
195 Cymbopogon refractus (R.Br.) A.Camus South Kohala; Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Highway) ca. 8 miles from Waimea PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 1287 Hawaii BISH 10/16/1985
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