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Cymbopogon refractus

(R.Br.) A.Camus (1921)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Cymbopogon

barbwire grass, manienie mahiki (Niʻihau via St. John), soap grass, wild citronella grass

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form:

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves:

Flowers:

Fruit:

Ploidy:

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Naturalized
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Rev. Bot. Appl. Agric. Colon. 1: 270 (1921)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1519 (K, O, Mo, M, H); Herbst & Clayton 1998:21 (Ni, L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cymbopogon refractus Puu Manu with Hyparrhenia hirta, Eucalyptus, Grevillea robusta Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3716 Lanai BISH 1987-11-08
2 Cymbopogon refractus Kamalu Open pasture Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) 4450 Molokai BISH 1936-09-04
3 Cymbopogon refractus Hanapepe Valley Escaped along dry rocky slope Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12669 Kauai BISH 1939-12-29
4 Cymbopogon refractus Wailua Paumalu In pasture. Preserved_Specimen Occasional patches, making good growth Hosaka, E.Y. Oahu BISH 1952-01-15
5 Cymbopogon refractus East Maui, Makawao District, 3km SSE of junctin of Haleakala Hwy & Hanamu Rd. at Kaluapulani Gulch Pasture with planted Eucalyptus grove. Preserved_Specimen Perennial grass to 40cm Annable, C.R. 3899 Maui BISH 1999-02-05
6 Cymbopogon refractus Kula, Rt 377 ca. 2 km N. of Pukalani Roadside weed in partial shade in Eucalyptus grove Preserved_Specimen Uncommon, only one patch of ca. 15 plants observed along the road Faccenda, K. 2810 Maui BISH 2022-10-27
7 Cymbopogon refractus Kahuku Occasional in kipuka (clear place in a lava field) under ohia lehua trees. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1441 Hawaii BISH 1936-07-21
8 Cymbopogon refractus Puu Holoholoku, near Saddle Rd., South Kohala District Growing in Dodonaea-Pennisetum setaceum scrub grassland. Preserved_Specimen Small bunchgrass Cuddihy, L.W. 862 Hawaii BISH 1981-09-10
9 Cymbopogon refractus Puu Hinai, Parker Ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 233 Hawaii BISH 1932-01-12
10 Cymbopogon refractus Pohaukao, along trail Secondary vegetation. W/ Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Lantana camara Preserved_Specimen grass, clumping and tufted, 50 cm tall, spiklets light green Wood, K.R. 11623 Kauai BISH 2005-11-22
11 Cymbopogon refractus Puu Hinai, Parker Ranch Perennial bunchgrass in dry pasture Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. 233 Hawaii BISH 1932-01-12
12 Cymbopogon refractus Puna St., Alewa Heights Growing in the yard of a residence. Preserved_Specimen Perennial, cespitose, up to 2 m tall. Only one colony observed. ca. 45 cm in diameter. Ross, M.C. 1880 Oahu BISH 2023-01-22
13 Cymbopogon refractus Kainalu, Monroe Ranch In open pasture Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 445 Molokai BISH 1936-09-04
14 Cymbopogon refractus Kiekie, 0.5 mi NE Pasture grass Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22794 Niihau BISH 1947-08-14
15 Cymbopogon refractus Puhielelu Ridge Common on dry, open ridge, apparently not eaten by Axis deer. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 80624 Lanai BISH 2006-08-16
16 Cymbopogon refractus Paeahu Knua, Makawao In grassy pastures Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1746 Maui BISH
17 Cymbopogon refractus East Maui, near Makawao Preserved_Specimen Ambrose, N.F. Maui BISH 1931-11-07
18 Cymbopogon refractus Keomoku Road, about 1 km. north of Lanai City. WGS84 coordinates: Lat. 20.841983, Long. -156.921033 Roadside, dry, sunny area. Uncommon on roadside, about 50 plants seen at this spot in partial shade, Preserved_Specimen culms, with citrus odor. Faccenda, K. 3157 Lanai BISH 2023-06-20
19 Cymbopogon refractus Pu'u Wa'awa'a, roadside Dry, open area dominated by Cenchrus setaceus Preserved_Specimen Uncommon grass, caespitose Faccenda, K. 2282 Hawaii BISH 2022-03-03
20 Cymbopogon refractus South Kohala; Hawaii Belt Road (Mamalahoa Highway) ca. 8 miles from Waimea Preserved_Specimen Flynn, T.W. 1287 Hawaii BISH 1985-10-16
21 Cymbopogon refractus Kau District; Makapu, along Mamalahoa Highway Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 5523 Hawaii BISH 1975-10-21
22 Cymbopogon refractus Wailaulau, Pahini planeze Preserved_Specimen Medeiros, A.C. 240 Maui BISH 1982-07-23
23 Cymbopogon refractus Keamoku, S. Kohala Preserved_Specimen Shipman, H.C. Hawaii BISH 1929-12-01
24 Cymbopogon refractus Kapohaku Gluch Naturalized and common near gluch Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 31107 Lanai BISH 1963-05-16
25 Cymbopogon refractus Parker Ranch, SSE of Keamuka Camp, ca. 0.5 mile W of Puu Heewai Along road in deep soil Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4730 Hawaii BISH 1982-11-21
26 Cymbopogon refractus East Maui, Kaapahu, on second switchback up trail from Kalepa side Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 2543 Maui BISH 2020-12-16
27 Cymbopogon refractus South Kona District; land of Kapua, near Kaulanamauna flow Clumping, occasional in Schinus-Panicum maximum scrubland with remnant Diospyros & Canthium. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 2773 Hawaii BISH 1984-01-07
28 Cymbopogon refractus East Maui, near Makawao Preserved_Specimen Ambrose, N.F. Maui BISH 1931-11-07
29 Cymbopogon refractus Waiawa Preserved_Specimen Ewart III, G.R. Oahu BISH 1936-09-19
30 Cymbopogon refractus Keamoku, S. Kohala Preserved_Specimen Shipman, H.C. Hawaii BISH 1929-12-01
31 Cymbopogon refractus Punaluu Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. Oahu BISH 1957-11-13
32 Cymbopogon refractus Waiapaa Gulch, SE of Lanai City, leeward side of Lanaihale, west-facing slope Occasional bunchgrass on steep, dry gulch slopes, growing with Hyparrhenia hirta, Melinis minutiflora, Waltheria, scattered Osteomeles, in Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha habitat. Preserved_Specimen Imada, C. 200247 Lanai BISH 2002-08-13
33 Cymbopogon refractus Hanalei District. Napali Coast State Park, Nualolo Kai, on the west side of valley, on northwest facing talus slope below backwall. Coastal cliff mixed shrubland on weathered lava wall above dry Lantana and Pluchea dominant shrubland; with Pluchea, Lantana, Stachya arvensis, Euphorbia celastroides var. hanapepensis, Nototrichium sandwicense, Myoporum, Artemisia australis, Schiedea apokremnos, Eragrostis variabilis, Panicum fauriei, C Preserved_Specimen Clumping in rocks about 2 feet tall, 2 rames per 1 spathe. Sheaths scabrous. Tangalin, N. 2113 Kauai BISH 2009-07-11
34 Cymbopogon refractus South Kona Occasional in dry grassland vegetation Preserved_Specimen Clump grass to 1 m. Stemmermann, R.L. 7133 Hawaii BISH 1987-04-09
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