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Panicum xerophilum

(Hillebr.) Hitchc. (1922)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Monocots Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Genus: Panicum

he‘upueo [heupueo] (Ni‘ihau), kākonakona [kakonakona], konakona

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Cespitose annuals 5–80 cm tall.

Stems: Culms branched or unbranched, usually pilose, the nodes pilose.

Roots: Roots fibrous.

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, cauline. Blades 3-18 cm long, 0.1-0.8 cm wide, flat. Surfaces usually papillose-pilose, rarely puberulent or subglabrous. Veins parallel. Sheaths usually papillose-pilose or occasionally puberulent; Iigule a ciliate membrane, 0.5-2 mm long, the membrane a rudimentary rim or up to 0.6 mm long, the cilia 0.5-1.6 mm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Panicles 3-25 cm long; spikelets 1.5-3.2(-3.7) mm long, acute to acuminate, glabrous; glumes usually equal or subequal, acute and as long as spikelet, sometimes first glume longer than second glume and both glumes acuminate, first glume 3-5-nerved, second glume 5-7-nerved; First floret sterile, first lemma usually distinctly shorter, rarely as long as second glume, 7-nerved, first palea 1/4-1/2 as long as first glume; second floret 1.2-1.7 mm long, 0.5-0.7 mm wide, elliptic, smooth, glossy; anthers 0.7-1.2 mm long.

Fruit: Fruit a caryopsis

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in open; dry habitats such as pastures; dunes; roadsides; and lava flows.

Elevation Range: 0–430 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Endemic
O'ahu Endemic
Molokai Endemic
Lana'i Endemic
Kaho'olawe Endemic
Maui Endemic
Hawai'i Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Mem. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus. 8: 193 (1922)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1574 (Ni, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Sweezey s.n. BISH (O†, 1906)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Panicum xerophilum Kaukaukapapa Beach, ca. 1.5 mi NE Near coast in vegetation of scattered Prosopis to 3+m. Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3677 Kahoolawe BISH 1978-11-25
2 Panicum xerophilum Kawaihae Lava flows near beach. Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 4121 Hawaii BISH 1936-04-05
3 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1860 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
4 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1862 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
5 Panicum xerophilum Kalamaiki gulch along W coast Growing on a promontory overlooking the ocean. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1340 Lanai BISH 1982-04-03
6 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1862 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
7 Panicum xerophilum Waiakuilani Gulch Mesic forest. Fairly common in understory. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Diospyros, Dodonaea, Coprosma, Alyxia, Pouteria, Wikstroemia, Pleomele, Myrsine, Dryopteris, Doryopteris, Leptecophylla, Pteridium, Peperomia, Viola, Chamaesyce, Dubautia, Streblus, Sophora. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 40716 Molokai BISH 2007-04-05
8 Panicum xerophilum Manele, Near shore. Near shore. Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 565 Lanai BISH 1930-01-14
9 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, pali rd, E of Olowalu Along shore. Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 674 Maui BISH 1948-03-29
10 Panicum xerophilum Poopoo Islet, off S coast Growing along side the Panicum xerophilum type. Preserved_Specimen Only joints are puberulent. Hobdy, R.W. 1361 Lanai BISH 1982-04-05
11 Panicum xerophilum Along rd to Puu Kolekole, in Kawela Open ground. Preserved_Specimen Pekelo Jr., N. 51 Molokai BISH 1974-04-05
12 Panicum xerophilum E Kawela, unnamed gulch to the E of the road to Puu Kolekole Cabin, E of East Kawela Gulch Common and scattered on sunny, rocky slopes in gulch. Veg: Dodonaea, Sida, Osteomeles, Lipochaeta, Diospyros, Metrosideros, Pleomele, Schiedea, Silene, Spermolepis, Cyperus, Carex, Antidesma, Lepidium, Bidens, Eragrostis, Lantana, Ageratina. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 40912 Molokai BISH 2009-04-02
13 Panicum xerophilum South Kohala, Waikoloa, Keamoku, Heewai 2 Dry rocky pastures Preserved_Specimen Occasional Hosaka, E.Y. 3665 Hawaii BISH 1952-07-03
14 Panicum xerophilum Mahana Koele-Keomuku Rd Occasional in near beach in dry, rocky pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1952 Lanai BISH 1938-04-12
15 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1862 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
16 Panicum xerophilum Palikaholo, along the SW coast at the foot of the highest cliff, great detritus slope On the great detritus slope. Preserved_Specimen Like P. xerophilum but more glabrous sheaths not pappilose. Hobdy, R.W. 1347 Lanai BISH 1982-04-04
17 Panicum xerophilum North Kohala, Keamoku. Big Heewai Paddock. Dry situtuation. Preserved_Specimen Rare in aallii pasture, bunch annual Hosaka, E.Y. 4007 Hawaii BISH 1956-06-28
18 Panicum xerophilum Hoolehua Common in dry pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1851 Molokai BISH 1937-04-16
19 Panicum xerophilum S Kohala, Lalamilo Common in dry rocky pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 3586 Hawaii BISH 1948-03-21
20 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1862 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
21 Panicum xerophilum Kaumalapau harbor, 1.5 mi S On a detritus slope at the foot of the great cliff. Growing along side Panicum xerophilum. Preserved_Specimen Like P. xerophilum but more glabrous. Hobdy, R.W. 1345 Lanai BISH 1982-04-04
22 Panicum xerophilum Mauna O umi Dodonaea Dry Shrubland. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 51306 Lanai BISH 2013-05-15
23 Panicum xerophilum West side of Maunalei Gulch. In dry rocky area (ledges) on edge of gulch. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 3278 Lanai BISH 1991-02-04
24 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, Olowalu Canyon, N slope below Lihao Peak In thick patch of Chloris virgata. Preserved_Specimen Decumbent then ascending. Hobdy, R.W. 1209 Maui BISH 1982-02-04
25 Panicum xerophilum Waikoa, Dr. Cooke's place Preserved_Specimen Rare Hosaka, E.Y. 1830 Maui BISH 1937-04-13
26 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai Preserved_Specimen This may the same as 31 but looks more crassey[?]; found on side of gluch on a mount at about 2000 ft. A few plants Munro, G.C. 26 Molokai BISH 1903-01-01
27 Panicum xerophilum Poopoo Islet off S coast Preserved_Specimen Forming dense 3 foot tall patches on the west slope Hobdy, R.W. 1357 Lanai BISH 1982-04-05
28 Panicum xerophilum Manele and Hulopoe Bays, between, Growing on sand dune. Growing on sand dune. Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6311 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
29 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai In dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1862 Molokai BISH 1937-04-21
30 Panicum xerophilum Kawela Preserved_Specimen Pekelo Jr., N. 28 Molokai BISH 1974-02-23
31 Panicum xerophilum Maui? Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 1316 Maui BISH 1909-01-01
32 Panicum xerophilum Kaunakakai Preserved_Specimen Annual. With 16 this furnishes a great bulk of the annual pastures during the west season, growsin on the arid lands seeding freely and quickly, seems to divide the land with 16, not much together, fasowing[?] a lower elevation growing more bunchy and not Munro, G.C. 31 Molokai BISH 1903-01-01
33 Panicum xerophilum Miki Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 295 Lanai BISH 1914-01-06
34 Panicum xerophilum along road to Puu Kolekole on E side of E Kawela Gulch Locally common in rocky, roat-ravaged area, appearing with winter rains. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 10907 Molokai BISH 2009-01-13
35 Panicum xerophilum Slope between Makaalae Pt. and Lua Kealialala on NW side of island Growing in full sun on bare ground. Habitat: Prosopis and Chloris virgatus the dominant grasses betw trees. Substrate: fine red clay soil and weathered rocks Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 342 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-21
36 Panicum xerophilum West Maui, Kaonohua Gulch Growing on sunny ledges near the upper edge of haole koa Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 805 Maui BISH 1980-05-13
37 Panicum xerophilum Pulehu, Wailuku Occasional in dry place. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1759 Maui BISH 1937-01-27
38 Panicum xerophilum Lanai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6320 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
39 Panicum xerophilum Maunalei, Near beach Near beach in dry, rocky pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1963 Lanai BISH 1938-04-14
40 Panicum xerophilum Hulopoe,W Along coastal plain. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1969 Lanai BISH 1984-02-19
41 Panicum xerophilum Maunaloa, Preserved_Specimen Abundant - widely distributed. Might be Molokai six weeks grass Cooke, T. Molokai BISH 1940-03-27
42 Panicum xerophilum Lanai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6301 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
43 Panicum xerophilum East Maui, lava flows of Puu O Kali Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2537 Maui BISH 1986-03-01
44 Panicum xerophilum Honolulu; Kaimuki Preserved_Specimen Swezey, O.H. 12764 Oahu BISH
45 Panicum xerophilum Lanai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6300 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
46 Panicum xerophilum Hulopoe, SE Lanai Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6303 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
47 Panicum xerophilum Manele Bay, along road to bay Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6318 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
48 Panicum xerophilum Humuula Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. Hawaii BISH 1953-06-23
49 Panicum xerophilum Maui Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 4481 Maui BISH 1936-01-01
50 Panicum xerophilum Kealia Aupuni Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 425 Lanai BISH 1929-03-26
51 Panicum xerophilum West end of Molokai (North) Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 14005 Molokai BISH 1918-05-21
52 Panicum xerophilum Lahaina Pali Road just W of the tunnel Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1249 Maui BISH 1982-02-17
53 Panicum xerophilum Maluea Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 821 Lanai BISH 1930-01-09
54 Panicum xerophilum Kalamaiki gulch along W coast Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1342 Lanai BISH 1982-04-03
55 Panicum xerophilum Manele Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 824 Lanai BISH 1930-01-13
56 Panicum xerophilum Puuwaawaa Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 56 Hawaii BISH 1911-06-08
57 Panicum xerophilum Halawa Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 1318 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-01
58 Panicum xerophilum Makawao Preserved_Specimen Von Tempsky, L. 50 Maui BISH 1903-03-01
59 Panicum xerophilum West end of Molokai (North) Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 14005 Molokai BISH 1918-05-21
60 Panicum xerophilum Manele Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 210 Lanai BISH 1916-03-03
61 Panicum xerophilum Manele Bay, along road to bay Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 6317 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
62 Panicum xerophilum Kalamaiki gulch along W coast Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1343 Lanai BISH 1982-04-03
63 Panicum xerophilum Manele Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 210 Lanai BISH 1916-03-03
64 Panicum xerophilum Kaunolu Point Preserved_Specimen Kopf, K. Lanai BISH 1946-03-10
65 Panicum xerophilum [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Molokai; Hawaii; Maui Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Molokai BISH 1909-01-01
66 Panicum xerophilum Puhielelu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1921-05-01
67 Panicum xerophilum Between Puu Kolekole and the ocean within the forest reserve, Kawela Ridge Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Molokai BISH 1982-05-21
68 Panicum xerophilum Kihei Preserved_Specimen (Not on sheet) Maui BISH 1936-03-05
69 Panicum xerophilum [Hawaiian Islands; U.S.A.; Molokai; Hawaii; Maui Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Molokai BISH 1909-01-01
70 Panicum xerophilum Miki from Kahonakona Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. Lanai BISH 1914-01-06
71 Panicum xerophilum Humuula Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. Hawaii BISH 1953-06-23
72 Panicum xerophilum Mamaki, SW coastline Occasional close to coastal bluffs, more common at some distance from the sea. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1352 Lanai BISH 1982-04-04
73 Panicum xerophilum unknown Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. BISH 1864-01-01
74 Panicum xerophilum Makai prower(?) Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8705 Molokai BISH 1910-04-01
75 Panicum xerophilum On Keomuku coastline, Lae Hi On raised coral plain. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1976.5 Lanai BISH 1984-02-20
76 Panicum xerophilum Field 97, Maui Agr. Co Along plantation roadway. Preserved_Specimen Clumps 1/4 m ht. Lee, H.A. 314 Maui BISH 1927-04-28
77 Panicum xerophilum N Kohala, Kahua Ranch In dry kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2030 Hawaii BISH 1938-04-26
78 Panicum xerophilum Slope between Makaalae Pt. and Lua Kealialalo on NW side of island Prosopis scrub with Heteropogon contortus and Chloris virgata the dominant grasses between trees. Substrate: fine red clay soil and weathered rocks. Growing in full sun in bare ground. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 342 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-21
79 Panicum xerophilum Slope between Makaalae Pt. and Lua Kealialalo on NW side of island Prosopis scrub with Heteropogon contortus and Chloris virgata the dominant grasses between trees. Substrate: fine red clay soil and weathered rocks. Growing in full sun in bare ground. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 342 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-21
80 Panicum xerophilum Naha Trail, Kapoho Gulch, slope On a sparsely vegetated slope. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 3019 Lanai BISH 1989-02-21
81 Panicum xerophilum On transect C5 from Smuggler's Cove to beach (this is the beach area 1 mile north of Kealaikahiki Pt.) In association with scattered Prosopis, Gossypium tomentosum, Merremia, Tragus, and Abutilon incanum. Preserved_Specimen Char, W.P. 78.079 Hawaii BISH 1978-11-26
82 Panicum xerophilum Mohopilo, Ulupalakua, Makawao In dry place on trail and open places, in lantana and cactus pasture Preserved_Specimen Common Hosaka, E.Y. 1719 Maui BISH 1937-01-22
83 Panicum xerophilum Kawaihae Lava flows near beach. Preserved_Specimen Whitney, L.D. 4121 Hawaii BISH 1936-04-05
84 Panicum xerophilum Poopoo Islet, off S coast, ridge top Growing on exposed ridge top. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 1358 Lanai BISH 1982-04-05
85 Panicum xerophilum Pohakumauliuli On bluff, exposed, and near sea Preserved_Specimen Pekelo Jr., N. 31 Molokai BISH 1974-02-26
86 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, Wailuku District, Waikapu, NHPS Hibiscus brackenridgei exclosure Inside exclosure. Associated vegetation: Sida fallax, Hibiscus brackenridgei. Preserved_Specimen Erect, annual grass 2-3dm ht; lvs light green. Starr, F. 102101 Maui BISH 2001-02-10
87 Panicum xerophilum Kii Between basalt rocks on rocky knoll. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23670 Niihau BISH 1949-04-02
88 Panicum xerophilum Ukumehawe, Wailuku In dry, rocky place Preserved_Specimen Abundant Hosaka, E.Y. 1838 Maui BISH 1937-04-15
89 Panicum xerophilum Makakupaia Abundant in dry rocky kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1854 Molokai BISH 1937-04-18
90 Panicum xerophilum Kii Between basalt rocks on rocky knoll Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23666 Niihau BISH 1949-04-02
91 Panicum xerophilum Puu Mahanalua Locally common annual emerging after winter rains in area recently burned, with Sida fallax, Dodonaea, Panicum torridum, P. maximum, Leucaena. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 30913 Lanai BISH 2009-03-17
92 Panicum xerophilum Wailuku, Kihei Near sea in kiawe pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1764 Maui BISH 1937-01-27
93 Panicum xerophilum Hulopoe Bay Vegetation with Sida, Jacquemontia, Boerhavia, pili, kiawe, etc. Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 3711 Lanai BISH 1979-02-18
94 Panicum xerophilum West Maui, Wailuku District, Pohakea Gulch Occasional patch along intermittent stream in remnant Erythrina dry forest Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 40923 Maui BISH 2009-04-17
95 Panicum xerophilum Slope between Makaalae Pt. and Lua Kealialalo on NW side of island Prosopis scrub with Heteropogon contortus and Chloris virgata the dominant grasses between trees. Substrate: fine red clay soil and weathered rocks. Growing in full sun in bare ground. Preserved_Specimen Cuddihy, L.W. 343 Kahoolawe BISH 1980-04-21
96 Panicum xerophilum South Kohala, Waikoloa, Keamoku, Heewai 2 paddock. Dry pasture. Preserved_Specimen Occasional, common associated plants are aalii and Natal redtop. Hosaka, E.Y. 3661 Hawaii BISH 1952-06-05
97 Panicum xerophilum Kawaihae, Waimea, S Kohala Dry region. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2229 Hawaii BISH 1938-06-08
98 Panicum xerophilum Mauka of One Alii Park On dry slopes. Preserved_Specimen Wong, N. Molokai BISH 1995-04-22
99 Panicum xerophilum Kii Between basalt rocks on rocky knoll. Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23665 Niihau BISH 1949-04-02
100 Panicum xerophilum 1.5 mi S of Kaumalapau Harbor On a detritus slope at the foot of the great cliff Preserved_Specimen Growing alongside P. xerophilum but is larger and more glabrous Hobdy, R.W. 1344 Lanai BISH 1982-04-04
101 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, mauka of Lahainaluna Dry pastures. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2542 Maui BISH 1986-03-05
102 Panicum xerophilum Manele, W Occasional on arid, rocky slopes. Assoc w/ Prosopis-Sida-Heteropogon. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3821 Lanai BISH 1988-03-05
103 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, Lahaina District, Olowalu, slopes of Lihau Occasional in recently burned area. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 20807 Maui BISH 2008-02-13
104 Panicum xerophilum East Maui, Makawao District, lava flows of Puu O Kali Rare in barren aa lava in soil pockets. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 2540 Maui BISH 1986-03-01
105 Panicum xerophilum Manele, W Occasional on arid, rocky slopes. Assoc w/ Prosopis-Sida-Heteropogon. Preserved_Specimen Nagata, K.M. 3822 Lanai BISH 1988-03-05
106 Panicum xerophilum Olinda pipeline, gulch side Pasture. Preserved_Specimen Lee, H.A. 192 Maui BISH 1926-03-01
107 Panicum xerophilum W Maui, Hanaulaiki Found in scrub forest. Preserved_Specimen Hobdy, R.W. 3284 Maui BISH 1991-03-05
108 Panicum xerophilum S Kohala, Kawaihae In dry pasture. Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 2022 Hawaii BISH 1938-04-26
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