Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Violaceae Genus: Viola

kalili, liliwai, nani Wai‘ale‘ale, pohe hiwa

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Perennial herbs.

Stems: Lateral stems ascending to decumbent, ca. 10–50 cm long, glabrous, rhizomes few–branched, subterranean.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate, widely spaced. Blades reniform–cordate, broadly or depressed–reniform, broadly cordate, or broadly rhombic–orbicular, unlobed or rarely 3–lobed, (1.5–)2–5 cm long, (1.5–)3.5–6(–9) cm wide. Base cordate to truncate. Surfaces glabrous or with a few minute hairs. Margins crenate. Petioles 1–30(–42) cm long. Stipules thin, submembranous, lanceolate, (3–)6–9(–14) mm long, (1.5–)3–5 mm wide, glabrous, margins serrate, the glandular teeth 0.1–0.3 mm long.

Flowers: Flowers solitary in the leaf axils. Flowers bisexual (perfect), cleistogamous flowers produced, usually occurring on short lateral stems. Pedicels 15–90 mm long, bracteoles well above middle of peduncle. Calyx of 5 sepals, subequal, prolonged into appendages below the point of insertion, persistent; chasmogamous flowers with sepals oblong–lanceolate, upper and lower ones (4–)8.2–8.7 mm long, lateral ones (4–)9.1–9.5 mm long, all sepals distinctly prolonged at base; cleistogamous flowers upper and lower sepals ca. 6–7 mm long, lateral ones ca. 7–8 mm long. Corolla zygomorphic, consisting of 5 distinct petals, these unequal, lateral ones smaller than upper pair; chasmogamous flower petals white on upper surface, lower surface purple or blue to white, narrowly spatulate, glabrous, upper petals ca. 15–19 mm long, lateral ones ca. 18–23 mm long, Iower one ca. 18–25 mm long, slightly saccate at base, apex of all petals notched, slightly asymmetrically so in lateral ones; cleistogamous flower petals greenish, glabrous, upper ones ca. 1–1.6 mm long, 3-lobed, lateral ones linear, 3–4.5 mm long, lower one oblong–spatulate, ca. 4–5.2 mm long, scarcely saccate at base. Stamens 5, staminal filaments coherent around ovary; anther connective of lower Stamens prolonged into an appendage, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits; chasmogamous flowers upper stamen sterile, connective of lower ones prolonged; cleistogamous flowers upper stamen sterile, petaloid, lateral ones petaloid, lower one more similar to those in chasmogamous flowers. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled, placentation parietal; ovules numerous per placenta, anatropous; chasmogamous flower style geniculate and with a low, somewhat distinct crest; cleistogamous flower style closely pressed against stamens.

Fruit: Capsules with loculicidal dehiscence; 8–13 mm long; deeply lobed; elastically dehiscent by rigid keels and thin valve walls. Seeds numerous; brown; obovoid; 2–2.1 mm long; 1.1–1.3 mm in diameter; smooth; apex rounded; seed coat somewhat leathery; dull; with fleshy; oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Open bogs.

Elevation Range: 630–640 m. and 1,150–1,175 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Kaua'i Endemic
O'ahu Not in flora

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1334 (K, O); Havran et al. 2014:44 (remove O [re-IDed as V. kauaiensis var. hosakae])

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet open bog with scattered native shrubs Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9633 Kauai BISH 1981-05-12
2 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In the open bog among dwarf Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. 130 Kauai BISH 1983-07-31
3 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing in bogs in Oreobolus tussocks. Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9643 Kauai BISH 1981-05-12
4 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet open bog Preserved_Specimen Lammers, T.G. 5382 Kauai BISH 1983-08-30
5 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Among Oreobolus & mosses Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21747 Kauai BISH 1952-01-19
6 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Wet ohia forest with other native trees & a treefern & native shrub understory Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 9679 Kauai BISH 1981-05-16
7 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Among moss in open situation Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3351 Kauai BISH 1926-06-28
8 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Cibotium, Vaccinium, Myrsine, Rhynchospora, Viola, Melicope, Styphelia, Stenogyne, Drosera, Lagenifera, Dubautia paleata, Labordia, Coprosma. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 9224 Kauai BISH 1988-05-18
9 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Swampy ground Preserved_Specimen Rogers, V. 1 Kauai BISH 1932-03-01
10 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Metrosideros-Cheirodendron montane wet forest with Cibotium, Vaccinium, Myrsine, Rhynchospora, Viola, Melicope, Styphelia, Stenogyne, Drosera, Lagenifera, Dubautia paleata, Labordia, Coprosma. Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 9224 Kauai BISH 1988-05-18
11 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In tundra, growing in moss. Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. 11733 Kauai BISH 1977-09-03
12 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Edge of swampy forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23038 Kauai BISH 1947-12-25
13 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In Panicum imbricatum mat, beneath dwarfed Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Takeuchi, W.N. Kauai BISH 1985-09-21
14 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Meinecke, W.H. 0.1247 Kauai BISH 1925-06-28
15 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Skottsberg, C.J.F. 939 Kauai BISH 1922-10-27
16 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5049 Kauai BISH 1983-08-30
17 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 406 Kauai BISH 1909-09-01
18 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Meinecke, W.H. 0.1247 Kauai BISH 1925-06-28
19 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 2388 Kauai BISH 1972-04-25
20 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Huber, H.F.J. 20 Kauai BISH 1964-08-21
21 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2131 Kauai BISH 1909-03-03
22 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5723 Kauai BISH 1909-09-16
23 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5715 Kauai BISH 1909-09-16
24 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1135 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
25 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 906 Kauai BISH 1917-07-03
26 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2130 Kauai BISH 1909-03-08
27 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Lydgate, J.M. Kauai BISH
28 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5723 Kauai BISH 1909-09-16
29 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 1552 Kauai BISH 1956-12-27
30 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2121 Kauai BISH 1909-01-01
31 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2124 Kauai BISH 1909-03-03
32 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Mann, H. Kauai BISH 1864-01-01
33 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open, inundated, windswept ridge. Growing out of thick bryophyte mat of primarily Plectocolea sp. But also with Frullania sp., Herbertus sp., cyanobacteria, and moss; with Melicope waialeale, Syzygium sandwicense, Cheirodendron sp., Machaerina angustifolia, Viola kauiensis, Smilax melastomifolia, Dicranopteris linearis, Sadleria sp., Broussaisia arguta. Preserved_Specimen Walsh, S. 93 Kauai BISH 2015-08-27
34 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Epiphytic & terrestrial in moss cushions Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. 11708 Kauai BISH 1977-09-01
35 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Rhynchospora 70%, Racomitrium 20% Bog, Bog, with islands of Metrosideros 10% associated with Cheirodendron dominii, Carex aligata, C. montis-eeka, Oreobolus furcata, Dichanthelium cynodon, Coprosma elliptica, Vaccinium dentatum, V. reticulatum, V. calycinum, Wikstoremia oahuensis var. plaustris, Nertera granadensis, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Myrsin Preserved_Specimen Wood, K.R. 12361 Kauai BISH 2007-05-07
36 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open bog Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 10753 Kauai BISH 1930-12-27
37 Viola kauaensis var. kauaensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along roadside Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21477 Kauai BISH 1951-12-01