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Stachytarpheta cayennensis

(Rich.) Vahl (1804)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Verbenaceae Genus: Stachytarpheta

ha‘uoi, ha‘uōwī, nettle-leaved vervain, oī, ōwī, vervain

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Annual or perennial herbs up to 20 dm tall, becoming somewhat woody toward base.

Stems: Stems dichotomously branched, younger stems moderately to densely short–pubescent.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite. Blades elliptic to ovate or narrowly ovate, 1.5–10 cm long, 1–5 cm wide. Apex sharply acute to acuminate. Upper surfaces puberulent to strigillose or scaberulous; lower surfaces sparsely to moderately strigillose over entire surface; blades membranous or chartaceous. Margins serrate to crenate–serrate, the teeth angled forward. Petioles 0.3–1 cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in terminal, indeterminate spikes, spikes slender, 15–45 cm long, up to ca. 3 mm in diameter, somewhat flaccid, usually short–pubescent throughout, the furrows nearly as wide as the rachis; bracts small and narrowly lanceolate, ca. 5 mm long, persistent. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx narrowly tubular, 5-toothed and 5–ribbed, ca. 6 mm long, the teeth subequal. Corolla pale blue to blue, pale violet, or lavender, occasionally white. Stamens 2, included in corolla tube, staminodes 2; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-celled, placentation axile; ovules 1 per cell, attached laterally, erect, anatropous; style elongate, filiform; stigma terminal.

Fruit: Schizocarps dry; oblong–linear; splitting at maturity into 2 hard cocci; enclosed by the persistent calyx. Seeds 1 per fruit; linear.

Ploidy: 2n = 18; ca. 112

Habitat: Mesic; disturbed areas.

Elevation Range: 170–1,340 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Synonyms (39)

Abena cayennensis (Rich.) Hitchc. (1893)
Cymburus urticifolia Salisb.
Lippia cylindrica Scheele (1844)
Stachytarpheta canescens var. bahiensis Moldenke (1978)
Stachytarpheta canescens var. morii Moldenke (1979)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. albiflora Moldenke (1944)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis f. purpurea Moldenke (1982)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. candicans Briq. (1904)
Stachytarpheta cayennensis var. virescens Briq. (1904)
Stachytarpheta dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Vahl (1804)
Stachytarpheta dichotoma f. albiflora (Moldenke) Moldenke (1974)
Stachytarpheta dichotoma var. neocaledonica (Moldenke) Moldenke (1974)
Stachytarpheta fallax A.E.Gonç. (1996)
Stachytarpheta gibberosa Rchb. (1828)
Stachytarpheta guatemalensis Moldenke (1940)
Stachytarpheta guatemalensis f. albiflora Moldenke (1963)
Stachytarpheta hirta Kunth (1818)
Stachytarpheta lactea Schauer (1847)
Stachytarpheta laevis Moldenke (1974)
Stachytarpheta maximiliani Schauer (1847)
Stachytarpheta maximiliani var. ciliaris Moldenke (1940)
Stachytarpheta maximiliani var. glabrata Schauer (1847)
Stachytarpheta patens Moldenke (1980)
Stachytarpheta polyura Schauer (1847)
Stachytarpheta polyura f. albiflora Moldenke (1970)
Stachytarpheta restingensis var. hispidula Moldenke (1984)
Stachytarpheta scaberrima var. pilosa Moldenke (1966)
Stachytarpheta subulata Moldenke (1940)
Stachytarpheta tabascana Moldenke (1940)
Stachytarpheta theezans Rojas Acosta (1897)
Stachytarpheta umbrosa Kunth (1818)
Stachytarpheta veronicifolia Cham. (1832)
Ubochea dichotoma Baill. (1891)
Valerianoides cayennensis (Rich.) Kuntze (1891)
Valerianoides dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Voss (1895)
Verbena cayennensis Rich. (1792)
Verbena dichotoma Ruiz & Pav. (1798)
Zappania cayennensis (Rich.) Mirb. (1805)
Zappania dichotoma (Ruiz & Pav.) Mirb. (1805)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Joanne
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • species reported to hybridize with Stachytarpheta jamaicensis

Bibliography

Name Published In: Enum. Pl. Obs. 1: 208 (1804)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1322 (K, O, Mo, M, H [as S. urticifolia]); Munir 1992:145/Herbst & Wagner 1999:32 (Syns. S. dichotoma, S. urticifolia = S. cayennensis); Staples & Herbst 2005:569 (DESCR); Oppenheimer & Bogner 2019:23 (L)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Judd Jr., A.F. Oahu BISH 1932-09-09
2 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5647 Oahu BISH 1986-04-05
3 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 64 Oahu BISH 1929-10-11
4 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details sandy loam; forest Preserved_Specimen weeds, 4 ft. Sanchez, S. 22 Oahu BISH 1986-01-26
5 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Very common weed at and below edge of forest Preserved_Specimen shrub 1 m; flowers deep rich purple Fosberg, F.R. 29705 Oahu BISH 1948-03-21
6 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Riparian vegetation along Limahuli Stream. Most of canopy destroyed by Hurricane Iniki (92) and understory heavily invaded by Clidemia hirta. Native taxa include Boehmeria, Pipturus, Hedyotis, Bidens, and Thelypteris. {SEE COMMENT] Preserved_Specimen Common shrubs of over 6 ft.; leaves rugose, matte dark green above with dark purple midvein, below pale green with raised veins, corolla dark purple with whitish throat. Flynn, T.W. 6190 Kauai BISH 1997-06-26
7 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Disturbed area subject to frequent inundation by flood waters. Preserved_Specimen Common erect herb; corolla deep purple with a white throat. Flynn, T.W. 2449 Maui BISH 1987-10-15
8 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In remnant Dry Forest. Occasional, mixed with S. jamaicaensis, which is more widespread, abundant, and has less rugose adaxial leaf surfaces, is more succulent, and has paler colored flowers. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 11505 Lanai BISH 2015-01-22
9 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Roadside. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 11048 Oahu BISH 1937-03-03
10 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details semishade along dirt haul cane road. Overstory of Melaleuca, Albizia and associated with Ageratum, Commelina, Nephrolepis and grasses Preserved_Specimen Shrub to 5 ft. Ishikawa, S. 287 Kauai BISH 1973-08-21
11 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details pasture land Preserved_Specimen Much branched woody herb ~3'. Leaves rugose, flowers purple Herbst, D.R. 771 Maui BISH 1967-12-13
12 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details shaded areas around Haole koa and guava trees. Preserved_Specimen Herb Herat, T. 117 Oahu BISH 1972-08-11
13 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details disturbed roadsides Preserved_Specimen common weed. Sub-shrub with deep green foliage and dark blue flowers Herbst, D.R. 5019 Hawaii BISH 1974-09-16
14 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Trailside, near stream in lower valley. Preserved_Specimen Low shrub. Flowers dark violet or purple. Corn, C. 306 Kauai BISH 1979-07-16
15 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details grass and lantana Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12548 Oahu BISH 1939-04-02
16 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros, Acacia, Dicranopteris wet lowland forest Preserved_Specimen ~75 cm herb; leaves dark green, ~rugose; flower on slender, spike-like inflorescence, flower tubular; light purple Reynolds, L.S. 143 Oahu BISH 2006-06-15
17 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Collected below the costline cliffs. Preserved_Specimen Clarke, G. 457 Kauai BISH 1979-07-19
18 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details loam Preserved_Specimen spreading herb; lower branches half woody and grayish; upper branches erect; flowers are blue Lee, P. 42 Oahu BISH 1975-03-27
19 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details occasional Preserved_Specimen weed Herbst, D.R. 2107 Kauai BISH 1971-09-02
20 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details silty loam Preserved_Specimen herb to 3'; basal leaves partly up stem, tall spike, few blue flrs. Afualo, D. 123 Oahu BISH 1975-03-25
21 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details undergrowth to Syzygium-Psidium forest Preserved_Specimen shrub to 1 m; leaves simple ovate. Inflor. a spike to 28cm long by 3mm wide. Fruits in grooves as wide as spikes. Flw. dark blue w/only a few appearing at one time. Spence, G. 152 Kauai BISH 1973-04-13
22 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along trail to falls. Preserved_Specimen Weed. Corn, C. Oahu BISH 1978-03-21
23 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Found as roadside vegetation on road. In an open exposure in association with Setaria, Desmodium, Melinis, Paspalum and Andropogon. Preserved_Specimen Plant 1m - 1.5m tall. Croft, L.K. 790042 Hawaii BISH 1979-02-28
24 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details with Schefflera and Schinus; lowland mesic forest Preserved_Specimen herb to 1.5 m; flower purple Annable, C.R. 3028 Oahu BISH 1996-08-11
25 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details red clay; lower elevation Preserved_Specimen flower blue-purple Smith, M. 6 Oahu BISH 1986-01-21
26 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details roadside and waste places Preserved_Specimen fleshy dense spike; flower has white throat, corolla tubular Ziegelbauer, K. 45 Oahu BISH 1975-04-02
27 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details clay, semi rain forest Preserved_Specimen herb with serrated leaves Guinto, J. 10 Oahu BISH 1966-02-04
28 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Along disturbed unpaved roadside in degraded dry shrubland. Preserved_Specimen Herb. Oppenheimer, H.L. 61502 Lanai BISH 2015-06-03
29 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details wet pineapple field Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 481 Kauai BISH 1931-08-01
30 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details roadside weed Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 21483 Kauai BISH 1951-12-29
31 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On dry road embankment Preserved_Specimen Corolla deep blue. Moldenke, H.N. 21802 Oahu BISH 1961-08-13
32 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details w/grasses on sides of jeep trail. Canopy of Aleurites and Psidium. Preserved_Specimen Large herb, occassionally slightly woody, up to 4'. Scattered blue flowers borne on slender long spike Ishikawa, S. 49 Oahu BISH 1972-02-16
33 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Trailside, near stream in lower valley. Preserved_Specimen Low shrub, flowers light violet in color. Corn, C. 317 Kauai BISH 1979-07-16
34 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details w/Passiflora, Psidium, and grasses Preserved_Specimen Large herb, to 6', becoming woody. Leaves oval-ovate, serrate margins w/few hairs. Flowers sessileon inflorescenses of up to 1' long, 2-3mm thick. Corolla purple, calyx green. Seeds flat, 2 per fruit, inserted in grooves along inflorescence. Ishikawa, S. 158 Maui BISH 1972-10-14
35 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Open ridge with Psidium cattleianum, Osteomeles anthyllidifolia, Leptecophylla tameiameiae, Andropogon virginicus, Schinus terebinthifolius Preserved_Specimen Herb ca. 2 ft ht, flowers purple Kennedy, B. 102 Oahu BISH 2019-04-26
36 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Just leeward of summit. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1977-07-21
37 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
38 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen coarse perennial herb Hughes, G.D. 1107 Molokai BISH 2004-12-02
39 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen ~8 white flowered plants in a normal purple flowered population. Tube and lobes white. Stamens pale yellow (within tube). Stigma pale green exerted. Flynn, T.W. 1726 Kauai BISH 1986-05-14
40 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Starr, F. 504197 Oahu BISH 2005-04-19
41 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details wet lowland forest; Metrosideros, Acacia, Dicranopteris; partial shade Preserved_Specimen ~1 m herb, base woody; flower light periwinkle Reynolds, L.S. 192 Oahu BISH 2006-06-30
42 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Roadside. Preserved_Specimen Weed. St.John, H. 10863 Kauai BISH 1930-12-30
43 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen semi-wood shrub 2', slightly hairy, purple flowers bron on raceme 2-3 at a time Cockrell, J. 7 Kauai BISH 1987-12-03
44 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen corolla dark blue Forbes, C.N. Oahu BISH 1908-07-08
45 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details dappled sun, moist gulch, low areas, near path, often in dry water-course Preserved_Specimen shrub 1-1.5 m; flower - purple, 5 petals, 1 cm across on long stem, 2-5 in bloom at once Earle, E. 5 Kauai BISH 1972-05-20
46 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. 347 Kauai BISH 1979-07-18
47 Stachytarpheta cayennensis Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 775 Molokai BISH 1915-04-01
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