img

Verbena bonariensis

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Verbenaceae Genus: Verbena

vervain

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Coarse, erect annual or perennial herbs 3–20 dm tall, sometimes somewhat woody toward base.

Stems: Stems erect, conspicuously quadrangular, scabrous to hispid.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite and decussate (pairs of leaves alternating 90 degrees between nodes). Blades lanceolate to oblong–lanceolate, 4.5–13 cm long, 0.6–2 cm wide, upper surface rugose. Apex acute. Base cordate. Upper surfaces hirtellous; lower surfaces spreading pubescent, both surfaces occasionally hirsute or scabrous. Margins somewhat revolute, unequally serrate, entire toward base. Sessile and somewhat clasping the stem. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers numerous in 4–10 terminal spikes 1–2(–5) cm long, these in a paniculate arrangement; Bracts lanceolate, as long as or slightly longer than calyx. Flowers bisexual (perfect), alternate, nearly zygomorphic. Calyx ca. 3 mm long, hispidulous, not glandular pubescent. Corolla blue, violet, lavender, or purple, the tube ca. 6–7 mm long, 5-lobed, imbricate. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, inserted on and included in corolla tube; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 4-lobed, 2-carpellate, 4-celled, placentation axile; ovules 1 per cell, attached laterally or near base, erect, anatropous; style 2-lobed, the lobes dissimilar, only 1 stigmatic.

Fruit: Schizocarps readily separating at maturity into 4 crustaceous nutlets; pericarp hard and dry. Seeds 1 per nutlet; oblong; triangular in cross section; endosperm essentially absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 28

Habitat:

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Yes

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Potentially Naturalizing

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Specimens

img
img

Notes

  • Description digitized by Ikaika Mendez
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • Lānaʻi in 1914
  • Native from Brazil and Bolivia to Argentina and Chile, now widespread in South America and many other parts of the world; in Hawaiʻi it has been collected on Molokaʻi and Lānaʻi, but we have only seen recent collection from Makawao, Maui, made in 1987.

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 20 (1753)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1325 (Mo? [reported by Moldenke in 1962, but no vouchers seen], L, EM); Lorence et al. 1995:55 (K); Frohlich & Lau 2008:9 (O); Wagner et al. 2012:73 (O plants controlled, not definitely naturalized)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Verbena bonariensis L. near stevenson middle school, punchbowl area, along fence near softball fields Lowland residential area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oisc metzler, k. collector number: 20080611verbon Oahu BISH 6/11/2008
2 Verbena bonariensis L. castle junction Hydromulch site- very weedy hillside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oisc Oahu BISH 5/24/2007
3 Verbena bonariensis L. Lihue; Hwy 50 at "Halfway Bridge" newly grassed roadcut PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. 3980 Kauai BISH 6/9/1990
4 Verbena bonariensis L. Kamoku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. s.n. Lanai BISH 6/29/1918
5 Verbena bonariensis L. Koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 444 Lanai BISH 5/26/1915
6 Verbena bonariensis L. Near Stevenson Middle School, Punchbowl area, along fence near softball fields Lowland residential area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN OISC 20080611Verbon Oahu BISH 6/11/2008
7 Verbena bonariensis L. lihue; hwy 50 at "halfway bridge" newly grassed roadcut PRESERVED_SPECIMEN flynn, t. wagner, w.l. collector number: 3980 Kauai BISH 6/9/1990
8 Verbena bonariensis L. Castle Junction Hydromulch site- very weedy hillside. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN OISC s.n. Oahu BISH 5/24/2007
9 Verbena bonariensis L. east maui, makawao intermediate school campus, mauka side 12 scattered plants, growing as weeds with a landscaped border PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2817 Maui BISH 4/27/1987
10 Verbena bonariensis L. Keauhou 2 Ahupua'a, North Kona District. Growing with LEPTAM, SANPAN, SOPCHR, PENCLA, DESNUB. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN VanDeMark, J. Not on sheet Hawaii BISH 1/27/2015
11 Verbena bonariensis L. Pali/Kam Hwy junction (Castle Junction) In hydromulch area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Kawelo, K. USARMY s.n. Oahu BISH 5/10/2007
12 Verbena bonariensis L. koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 444 Oahu BISH 5/26/1915
13 Verbena bonariensis L. east maui, eddie tam center, makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2812b Maui BISH 4/27/1987
14 Verbena bonariensis L. Koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 326 Lanai BISH 5/26/1915
15 Verbena bonariensis L. lihue dist; hwy 50 at halfway bridge Forest PRESERVED_SPECIMEN t. w. flynn & w. h. wagner 3980 YPM 6/9/1990
16 Verbena bonariensis L. East Maui, Makawao Intermediate School campus, mauka side 12 scattered plants, growing as weeds with a landscaped border PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 2817 Maui BISH 4/27/1987
17 Verbena bonariensis L. east maui, makawao intermediate school campus, mauka side PRESERVED_SPECIMEN hobdy, r.w. collector number: 2817 Maui BISH 4/27/1987
18 Verbena bonariensis L. Koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Munro, G.C. 352 Lanai BISH 6/23/1914
19 Verbena bonariensis L. kamoku PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: s.n. Lanai BISH 6/29/1918
20 Verbena bonariensis L. Hwy 50 at Halfway Bridge along newly grassed roadcut. Ruderal vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 3980 Kauai PTBG 6/9/1990
21 Verbena bonariensis L. Hwy 50 at "Halfway Bridge" along newly grassed roadcut. Ruderal vegetation PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 3980 Kauai PTBG 6/9/1990
22 Verbena bonariensis L. lihue dist; hwy 50 at halfway bridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN w. l. wagner & t. w. flynn 6757 Kauai US 6/7/1994
23 Verbena bonariensis L. Lihue Dist; Hwy 50 at Halfway Bridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Flynn, T. W.; Wagner, W. H. 3980 Kauai US 6/9/1990
24 Verbena bonariensis L. Lihue Dist; Hwy 50 at Halfway Bridge PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wagner, W. L.; Flynn, T. W. 6757 Kauai US 6/7/1994
25 Verbena bonariensis L. East Maui, Eddie Tam Center, Makawao PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hobdy, R.W. 2812b Maui BISH 4/27/1987
26 Verbena bonariensis L. pali/kam hwy junction (castle junction) In hydromulch area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN us army kawelo, k. collector number: usarmy s.n. Oahu BISH 5/10/2007
27 Verbena bonariensis L. koele PRESERVED_SPECIMEN munro, g.c. collector number: 326 Maro Reef BISH 5/26/1915
Back to Top