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Barleria cristata

L. (1753)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Acanthaceae Genus: Barleria

Philippine violet

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Erect branching shrubs 6–10 dm tall.

Stems: Pubescent with both long and short appressed hairs.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Opposite and decussate (pairs of leaves alternating 90 degrees between nodes). Blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, 2.5–10 (–19) cm long. Apex attenuate. Surfaces sparsely strigillose; dark green on upper surface; lower surfaces pale green. Margins entire. Petioles 0.2–1(–3.5) cm long. Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in dense axillary or terminal spikes or racemes. Flowers bisexual (perfect), subtended by 2 greenish white to white, linear, spinose bracts with conspicuous veins, 8–15 mm long, pedicels 0–1 mm long. Calyx distinctly zygomorphic, deeply 4-lobed. Outer 2 Calyx lobes enlarged, ovate, becoming chartaceous with age, the veins green and conspicuous, ca. 10 mm long at anthesis, enlarging to 15–25 mm long in fruit, spiny–margined, the inner 2 lobes linear, ca. 7 mm long, margins entire. Corolla 5-lobed; violet, pink, or white, funnelform, 5–5.7 cm long. Stamens 4, in pairs, inserted on the corolla alternate with the lobes, sometimes 1 or more reduced to staminodes; anthers dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 2-carpellate; ovule placentation axile; style filiform, simple.

Fruit: Capsules with two cells; usually dehiscing explosively; ellipsoid; 1.4–1.7 cm long; glabrous and glossy at maturity. Seeds 4; on small hooked stalks (modified funiculus) that ejects the seeds from the capsule; embryos usually large; endosperm absent.

Ploidy: 2n = 34; 36; 38; 40

Habitat: Naturalized in dry habitats.

Elevation Range:

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Water/Ocean

Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Notes

  • Description digitized by Pumehana Imada
  • Native to India and Burma; in Hawai‘i cultivated for hedges and borders (Neal, 1965). Neal (1965) states that another species, Barleria prionitis L., has escaped from cultivation in Hawai‘i; however, we have not seen any evidence of this. She proba

Bibliography

Name Published In: Sp. Pl.: 636 (1753)

Other References

Wagner, W. L., Herbst, D. R., & Sohmer, S. H. (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawai'i, Vols. 1 and 2 (No. Edn 2). University of Hawai'i and Bishop Museum Press.

Wagner et al. 1990:168 (K, O, H); Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2002:1 (WM); Staples & Herbst 2005:81 (KEY), 82 (DESCR); Starr et al. 2006:31 (Mo)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Scientific Name Authorship Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Barleria cristata L. koloa, kalaheo, 3980 waha road, upper lawai valley alien grasses, Indigofera, Wedelia PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lorence, d.h. lorence, g.; crown, r.; crown, m. collector number: 8466 Kauai BISH 3/5/2000
2 Barleria cristata L. byu-hc PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lee, p. collector number: 21 Kure Atoll BISH 3/17/1975
3 Barleria cristata L. along highway near kailua-kona -- No Island name or collection date specified other than 1831-1832. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN herbst, d.r. spence, g. collector number: 5035 BISH 9/18/1974
4 Barleria cristata L. Along highway near Kailua-Kona Sparingly naturalized in this area. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D.R. 5035 Hawaii BISH 9/18/1974
5 Barleria cristata L. univ. of hawaii campus, manoa valley, honolulu Dry lowland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN chong, m. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 5/14/1933
6 Barleria cristata L. Hanapepe. Collected along edge of Ko Rd. Growing among Panicum maximum and haole koa with Pithocellobium dulce in the overstory PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Clay Trauernicht 217 Kauai PTBG 10/7/2007
7 Barleria cristata L. kaluaaha; pukeo, molokai Vegetation: Prosopis pallida PRESERVED_SPECIMEN starr, f. starr, k. collector number: 050517-5 Molokai BISH 5/17/2005
8 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Mahinahina, in an unnamed gully betw Mahinahina and Kahanaiki Gulches Forming dense stands under Leucaena leucocephala. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Kunna, J. Collector Number: H40009 Maui BISH 4/7/2000
9 Barleria cristata L. Honolulu, Maunalani Hgts., Maunalani Circle. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN W. M. Bush 660 Oahu PTBG 6/3/1977
10 Barleria cristata L. Kalaheo, house at 3980 Waha Road, upper reaches of Lawai Valley. Elev. 140-150 m. Secondary vegetation in abondoned orchard. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN David H. Lorence 8466 Kauai PTBG 3/5/2000
11 Barleria cristata L. Moomoku. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H30003 Maui PTBG 3/9/2000
12 Barleria cristata L. Lihue. Along road across from old Lihue Mill. Secondary vegetation. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 7259 Kauai PTBG 8/9/2005
13 Barleria cristata L. lyon arboretum, honolulu. upper lawn makai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. collector number: 1803 Oahu BISH 10/19/1978
14 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Kahananaiki Gulch, on steep bank along S side of gulch Growing along a dirt road on bank. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H30005 Maui BISH 3/10/2000
15 Barleria cristata L. w maui, lahaina district, kahananaiki gulch, on steep bank along s side of gulch Growing along a dirt road on bank. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h30005 Maui BISH 3/10/2000
16 Barleria cristata L. w maui, lahaina district, mahinahina, in an unnamed gully betw mahinahina and kahanaiki gulches Forming dense stands under Leucaena leucocephala. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. kunna, j. collector number: h40009 Maui BISH 4/7/2000
17 Barleria cristata L. edge of Ko Rd., Hanapepe Panicum maximum, haole koa, Pithecellobium PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Trauernicht, C. 217 Kauai BISH 10/17/2007
18 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Moomoku Growing in a gully. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H30003 Maui BISH 3/9/2000
19 Barleria cristata L. kamehameha girls' school, kapalama, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN rankin, p. collector number: 4 Oahu BISH 5/2/1939
20 Barleria cristata L. W. Maui, Mahinahina Gulch, in Leucaena thicket. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H10123 Maui PTBG 1/12/2001
21 Barleria cristata L. U.H. Campus, Magoon Greenhouse Facility PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1346 Oahu US 8/26/1985
22 Barleria cristata L. Kalaheo, corner of Alelo Rd and Auwae Rd. On Road cut. KISC 2007 Early Detection Roadside Survey. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Natalia Tangalin 1616 Kauai PTBG 10/11/2007
23 Barleria cristata L. Mahinahina Gulch, in Leucaena thicket. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Hank Oppenheimer H10123 Maui PTBG 1/12/2001
24 Barleria cristata L. Kaluaaha, Pukeo. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forest Starr Starr-050517-5 Molokai PTBG 5/17/2005
25 Barleria cristata L. Hanapepe Valley, Ko Road. Along road at base of cliff. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Tim Flynn 1000 Kauai PTBG 2/13/1985
26 Barleria cristata L. Honolulu, Nuuanu are, 2616 Pali Hwy PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1620 Oahu US 11/16/1985
27 Barleria cristata L. along hwy near kailua-kona PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. r. herbst & g. spence 5035 Maui US 9/18/1974
28 Barleria cristata L. u.h. campus, magoon greenhouse facility PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. lau 1346 Maui US 8/26/1985
29 Barleria cristata L. upper lawn makai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN k. nagata 1803 Oahu US 10/19/1978
30 Barleria cristata L. honolulu, kamehameha girl's school PRESERVED_SPECIMEN a. judd, e. bryan jr. & m. neal s.n. Oahu US 9/25/1937
31 Barleria cristata L. honolulu, nuuanu are, 2616 pali hwy PRESERVED_SPECIMEN j. lau 1620 Oahu US 11/16/1985
32 Barleria cristata L. Koloa District, Kalaheo, house at 3980 Waha "Road, upper reaches of Lawai Valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lorence, D. H.; Lorence, G.; Crown, R.; Crown, M. 8466 Kauai US 3/5/2000
33 Barleria cristata L. Koloa District, Kalaheo, house at 3980 Waha "Road, upper reaches of Lawai Valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence, G. Lorence, R. Crown & M. Crown 8466 Kauai US 3/5/2000
34 Barleria cristata L. Along hwy near Kailua-Kona PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Herbst, D. R.; Spence, G. 5035 Hawaii US 9/18/1974
35 Barleria cristata L. Honolulu, Kamehameha Girl's School PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Judd, A. F.; Bryan Jr., E. H.; Neal, M. C. s.n. Oahu US 9/25/1937
36 Barleria cristata L. university of hawaii campus, honolulu. crawford hall PRESERVED_SPECIMEN woolford, h.a. collector number: 317 Oahu BISH 1/24/1956
37 Barleria cristata L. BYU-HC PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lee, P. 21 Oahu BISH 3/17/1975
38 Barleria cristata L. Univ. of Hawaii campus, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Yoshinaga, E.K. s.n. Oahu BISH 11/20/1929
39 Barleria cristata L. kamehameha girls' school, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN judd jr., a.f. bryan jr., e.h.; neal, m.c. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 9/25/1937
40 Barleria cristata L. university of hawaii campus, honolulu. magoon greenhouse facility Potted, being grown under shade cloth. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. collector number: 1346 Oahu BISH 8/26/1985
41 Barleria cristata L. University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu. Crawford Hall PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Woolford, H.A. 317 Oahu BISH 1/24/1956
42 Barleria cristata L. Upper Lawn Makai PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K. M. 1803 Oahu US 10/19/1978
43 Barleria cristata L. Nuuanu area, 2616 Pali Hwy, Honolulu In partial shade. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1620 Oahu BISH 11/16/1985
44 Barleria cristata L. Kamehameha Girls' School, Kapalama, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Rankin, P. 4 Oahu BISH 5/2/1939
45 Barleria cristata L. Laie Temple Court, Laie Growing as a hedge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Luke, K. 52 Oahu BISH 11/30/1960
46 Barleria cristata L. koloa district, kalaheo, house at 3980 waha "road, upper reaches of lawai valley. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN d. h. lorence, g. lorence, r. crown & m. crown 8466 Kauai US 3/5/2000
47 Barleria cristata L. Kaluaaha; Pukoo, Molokai Vegetation: Prosopis pallida PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Starr, F. 050517-5 Molokai BISH 5/17/2005
48 Barleria cristata L. Lyon Arboretum, Honolulu. Upper Lawn Makai Growing in semi-shade. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 1803 Oahu BISH 10/19/1978
49 Barleria cristata L. Univ. of Hawaii campus, Manoa Valley, Honolulu Dry lowland. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Chong, M. s.n. Oahu BISH 5/14/1933
50 Barleria cristata L. University of Hawaii campus, Honolulu. Magoon Greenhouse Facility Potted, being grown under shade cloth. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lau, J. 1346 Oahu BISH 8/26/1985
51 Barleria cristata L. Manoa Valley, Honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Forbes, A. s.n. Oahu BISH 7/21/1930
52 Barleria cristata L. nuuanu area, 2616 pali hwy, honolulu In partial shade. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN lau, j. et al. collector number: 1620 Oahu BISH 11/16/1985
53 Barleria cristata L. w maui, lahaina district, moomoku Growing in a gully. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN oppenheimer, h.l. collector number: h30003 Maui BISH 3/9/2000
54 Barleria cristata L. univ. of hawaii campus, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN yoshinaga, e.k. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 11/20/1929
55 Barleria cristata L. edge of Ko Rd., Hanapepe Panicum maximum, haole koa, Pithecellobium PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Trauernicht, C. Clark, M. Collector Number: 217 Kauai BISH 10/17/2007
56 Barleria cristata L. university of hawaii campus, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN tanaka, y. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 12/9/1929
57 Barleria cristata L. hawaii sugar planters association PRESERVED_SPECIMEN brown, f.b.h. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 12/1/1925
58 Barleria cristata L. manoa valley, honolulu PRESERVED_SPECIMEN forbes, a. collector number: s.n. Oahu BISH 7/21/1930
59 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Moomoku Growing in a gully. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H30003 Maui BISH 3/9/2000
60 Barleria cristata L. kalaupapa; e side of road between oceanview and airport on Koa trees PRESERVED_SPECIMEN wysong, m.l. collector number: 798 Oahu BISH 8/22/2005
61 Barleria cristata L. Between Alii Drive and Kuakini Hwy, North Kona Naturalized in tall Prosopis pallida scrub. Growing with Tricachne insularis. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Nagata, K.M. 2115 Hawaii BISH 8/30/1980
62 Barleria cristata L. laie temple court, laie Growing as a hedge. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN luke, k. collector number: 52 Oahu BISH 11/30/1960
63 Barleria cristata L. Koloa, Kalaheo, 3980 Waha road, upper Lawai Valley PRESERVED_SPECIMEN D. H. Lorence, G. Lorence, R. Crown & M. Crown 8466 Kauai HAPI 3/5/2000
64 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Kahananaiki Gulch, on steep bank along S side of gulch Growing along a dirt road on bank. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. Collector Number: H30005 Maui BISH 3/10/2000
65 Barleria cristata L. Koloa, Kalaheo, 3980 Waha road, upper Lawai Valley alien grasses, Indigofera, Wedelia PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lorence, D.H. 8466 Kauai BISH 3/5/2000
66 Barleria cristata L. Koloa, Kalaheo, 3980 Waha road, upper Lawai Valley alien grasses, Indigofera, Wedelia PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Lorence, D.H. Lorence, G.; Crown, R.; Crown, M. Collector Number: 8466 Kauai BISH 3/5/2000
67 Barleria cristata L. Kalaupapa; E side of road between Oceanview and airport PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Wysong, M.L. 798 Molokai BISH 8/22/2005
68 Barleria cristata L. edge of ko rd., hanapepe Panicum maximum, haole koa, Pithecellobium PRESERVED_SPECIMEN trauernicht, c. clark, m. collector number: 217 Kauai BISH 10/17/2007
69 Barleria cristata L. between alii drive and kuakini hwy, north kona Naturalized in tall Prosopis pallida scrub. Growing with Tricachne insularis. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN nagata, k.m. park, g. collector number: 2115 Hawaii BISH 8/30/1980
70 Barleria cristata L. W Maui, Lahaina District, Mahinahina, in an unnamed gully betw Mahinahina and Kahanaiki Gulches Forming dense stands under Leucaena leucocephala. PRESERVED_SPECIMEN Oppenheimer, H.L. H40009 Maui BISH 4/7/2000
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