img

Cyanea horrida

(Rock) O.Deg. & Hosaka (1940)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Campanulaceae Genus: Cyanea

hāhā [haha], hāhā nui [haha nui], holokea

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Palm-like trees 1–4 m tall.

Stems:

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades pinnately parted or divided, more so in juveniles, blades 20–37 cm long, 10–19 cm wide (across the segments)' segments 8–12 per side, narrowly oblong, 15–35 mm wide. Apex acute. Upper surfaces green, muricate (aculeate in juveniles); lower surfaces pale green, pubescent and muricate (aculeate in juveniles). Margins irregularly dentate or lobed (cleft, parted, or divided in juveniles), the lobes acute to obtuse. Petioles 4–13 cm long, muricate (aculeate in juveniles). Stipules absent.

Flowers: Flowers in inflorescences 5–8–flowered, clustered among the leaves, muricate, peduncles 20–60 mm long, pedicels 15–25 mm long, bracts linear, 15–30 mm long, 1–2 mm wide; hypanthium oblong to broadly ellipsoid, 10–15 mm long, 5–10 mm wide. Flowers bisexual (perfect). Calyx 5-lobed, lobes narrowly triangular, 8–24 mm long, 2–4 mm wide, tube adnate to ovary. Corolla zygomatic, blackish purple or greenish white suffused with purple, 70–80 mm long, 7–10 mm wide, densely pubescent to muricate externally, glabrous within, the tube arcuate, the lobes spreading, 1⁄2–¾ as long as the tube. Stamens 5, alternate with corolla lobes, connate; staminal column glabrous; anthers glabrous, all 5 or only the lower 2 with apical tufts of white hairs, dithecal, opening by longitudinal slits, coherent but separating after anthesis or connate and forming a tube into which pollen is shed; filaments distinct or connate above, attached to the epigynous nectary disk or to base of corolla, rarely adnate to corolla tube. Ovary inferior, 2-celled, often crowned with an annular nectary disk; ovule placentation axile, or when 1-celled with 2 parietal placentas; stigmas wet or dry, 2-lobed, appressed and nonreceptive as the style grows through the anther tube, pushing out the pollen, after which the stigmas spread apart and become receptive.

Fruit: Berries yellow; ellipsoid; 14–25 mm long; crowned by the persistent calyx lobes. Seeds numerous; small; brown to black; smooth; shiny; 0.2–0.5(–2) mm long; with a straight; short to spatulate dicotyledonous embryo embedded in oily endosperm.

Ploidy:

Habitat: Occurring in wet forest and margins of subalpine forest; windward slopes.

Elevation Range: 1,520–2,000 m.

Historical Distribution

Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Endemic

Island Status

Maui Endemic

Dispersal Agents


Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: O.Degener, Fl. Hawaiiensis 339: s.p. (1940)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:453 (EM)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen ~4'2; very thorny Munro, G.C. 806 Maui BISH 1921-02-20
2 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen 6' x 8 tree, fruit yellow; 1' from ground it divides into 6 upright stems; thorny at bottom Munro, G.C. 805 Maui BISH 1928-02-20
3 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
4 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1730 Maui BISH 1919-11-27
5 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
6 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8793 Maui BISH 1911-05-01
7 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1158 Maui BISH 1919-08-17
8 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. 55 Maui BISH
9 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
10 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 177 Maui BISH 1910-07-01
11 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 951 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
12 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
13 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1218 Maui BISH 1919-08-22
14 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 8793 Maui BISH 1911-05-01
15 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 85138505 Maui BISH 1910-09-01
16 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1234 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
17 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Faurie, A. 670 Maui BISH 1909-09-01
18 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 754 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
19 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. 55 Maui BISH
20 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1207 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
21 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1730 Maui BISH 1919-11-27
22 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
23 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1217 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
24 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
25 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1213 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
26 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
27 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1216 Maui BISH 1919-08-20
28 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1148 Maui BISH 1919-08-15
29 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10350 Maui BISH 1911-05-01
30 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Maui BISH 1954-02-01
31 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 893 Maui BISH 1919-07-16
32 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 10056 Maui BISH 1912-03-01
33 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Preserved_Specimen Hillebrand, W.B. Maui BISH
34 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Leaning from steeop bank. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Broussaisia, Myrsine, Vaccinium, Dubautia, Perrottetia, coprosma, Leptecophylla, Rubus, Sadleria, Diplazium, Athyrium, Dryopteris, Pipturus, Uncinia, Carex, Peperomia, Pneumatopteris, Asplenium, Elaphoglossum, Coniogramme, Lysimachia, Pteris, Pseudophegopteris Preserved_Specimen Single 2m plant with two main ramettes each forked further into 2-3 more, Latex white; flowers greenish-purple Oppenheimer, H.L. 40931 Maui BISH 2009-04-28
35 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Growing on steep, shady slope. Vegetation: Acacia/Metrosideros Forest w. Cheirodendron, Myrsine, Melicope, Ilex, Vaccinium, Broussaisia, Labordia, Coprosma, Leptecophylla, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Rubus, Smilax, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia, Lepisorus, Adenophorus, Athyrium. Preserved_Specimen All plants with different morphology. Specimen made from single fruiting plant with least lobed leaves. Oppenheimer, H.L. 50603 Maui BISH 2006-05-02
36 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details banks of first main gulch downslope Preserved_Specimen Stemmermann, R.L. 1223 Maui BISH 1976-11-06
37 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details shade on stream bank; among ferns under Cheirodendron, Metrosideros Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 381 Maui BISH 1973-07-29
38 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details with Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Dubautia, Melicope, Labordia, Cyrtandra, Rubus hawaiensis, Ilex, Dryopteris, Styphelia, Broussaisia, Clermontia tuberculata Preserved_Specimen 8'; with flowers and fruit Perlman, S. 10520 Maui BISH 1988-03-19
39 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details side of cinder cone; shaded under Metrosideros and ferns Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 305 Maui BISH 1973-07-09
40 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details ferny rain forest Preserved_Specimen 1 m shrub, leaves harsh, brittle St.John, H. 21247 Maui BISH 1945-08-30
41 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details In narrow gulch. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Coprosma, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Rubus, Dubautia, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, Diplazium, Asplenium, Peperomia, Myrsine, Melicope, Polystichum. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 100618 Maui BISH 2006-10-12
42 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Acacia, Ilex, Myrsine, Coprosma, Melicope, Rubus, Sadleria, Cibotium, Athyrium, Diplazium, Peperomia, Asplenium, Dryopteris, Broussaisia, Elaphoglossum, Adenophorus, Smilax, Prunella, Hypochoeris. Preserved_Specimen Large many branched from base plant 2m tall, fruit bright orange; latex white. One of two plants observed in this gulch. Oppenheimer, H.L. 100816 Maui BISH 2008-10-21
43 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details wet, E side of intermittent stream; Metrosideros, Dubautia, Rubus, Dryopteris, Sadleria, Peperomia, Athyrium, Smilax, Uncinia, Asplenium, Coprosma, Myrsine, Melicope, Elaphoglossum, Pteris, Polystichum, Arachniodes Preserved_Specimen 1.5-3 m; many branched from base; latex white Oppenheimer, H.L. 80808 Maui BISH 2008-08-05
44 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details with Metrosideros, Athyrium sandwichianum, Broussaisia, Cheirodendron, Cibotium, Coprosma, Hedyotis, Labordia, Myrsine, Melicope, Phyllostegia, Psychotria, Cyrtandra Preserved_Specimen Perlman, S. 10770 Maui BISH 1989-12-12
45 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On a steep bluff on W facing slope. Vegetation: Acacia/Metrosideros Forest w. Cheirodendron, Myrsine, Melicope, Ilex, Vaccinium, Rubus, Astelia, Athyrium, Diplazium, Sadleria, Asplenium, Uncinia, Carex, Dryopteris, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia, Polypodium, Lepisorus, Pteris, Arachniodes, Coniogramme. Preserved_Specimen With 7 ramettes and no basal sprouts; latex white, flowers purple. Oppenheimer, H.L. 50601 Maui BISH 2006-05-02
46 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details jungle along streambed Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12543 Maui BISH 1939-08-09
47 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details With Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Stenogyne, Pelea, Vaccinium, Styphelia Preserved_Specimen Flowers light green with purple streaks inside petals; anthers, stigma purple. Henrickson, J.S. 3541 Maui BISH 1969-06-18
48 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details cliff face, open, below small waterfall; Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Dubautia, Melicope, Rubus, Coprosma, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Asplenium, Uncinia, Deschampsia, Carex, Athyrium, Peperomia Preserved_Specimen 1.5 m; multi-branched; latex white; flower anomalous yellow green Oppenheimer, H.L. 80811 Maui BISH 2008-08-14
49 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details jungle along streambed Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12543 Maui BISH 1939-08-09
50 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Dubautia, Myrsine, Coprosma, Cheirodendron, Vaccinium, Melicope, Dryopteris, Sadleria, Asplenium, Astelia, Rubus, Carex, Elaphoglossum, Uncinia, Lepisorus, Athyrium, Arachniodes, Polystichum, Peperomia, Deschampsia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 100612 Maui BISH 2006-10-10
51 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details With Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Stenogyne, Pelea, Vaccinium, Styphelia Preserved_Specimen Flowers light green with purple streaks inside petals; anthers, stigma purple. Henrickson, J.S. 3541 Maui BISH 1969-06-18
52 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Sprawling on the ground, on a steep shady bank of a small gully. Vegetation: Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, Melicope, Rubus, Broussaisia, Coprosma, Sadleria, Dryopteris, Athyrium, Diplazium, Polystichum, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Pteris, Elaphoglossum, Coniogramme, Myrsine, Peperomia. Preserved_Specimen Two plants observed at this location. Specimen collected from a 2m long plant with 2 ramettes; latex white. Oppenheimer, H.L. 110610 Maui BISH 2006-11-14
53 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Metrosideros ssp. wet forest, with Coprosma pubens, Ilex anomala, Dicranopteris linearis, Rubus hawaiiensis, Broussaisia arguta, Sadleria Cibotium, Cheirodendron. Preserved_Specimen 1 plant, 3 heads, flower buds, 2 meter ht. Perlman, S. 23314 Maui BISH 2013-03-01
54 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details NE exposure, wet forest, side of steep gulch Preserved_Specimen 8-10' stalk, leaves and flowers bunched on top; flowers greenish white; leaves and stems prickly Baldwin, P.H. 10 Maui BISH 1943-11-20
55 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details jungle along streambed Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 12543 Maui BISH 1939-08-09
56 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details On very steep shady slope. Associated vegetation: 9m tall Metrosideros canopy with Cheirodendron, Melicope, Vaccinium, Broussaisia, Clermontia, Labordia, Astelia, Athyrium, Sadleria, Pneumatopteris, Polypodium, Peperomia, Elaphoglossum, Arachniodes, Hedyotis, Coprosma. Preserved_Specimen Single 3m treelet, unbranched, with white latex. Oppenheimer, H.L. 60602 Maui BISH 2006-06-03
57 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details shaded stream Preserved_Specimen 3-4 m x 8 cm shrub; few ascending branches; spiny blades coriaeous, lobe margins undulate, above green shiny impressed rugose reticulate, below pale green; veins salient prominent; calyx green, corolla lobes reddish lavendar, the margins below greenish, anthers blackish lavendar St.John, H. 21021 Maui BISH 1945-08-15
58 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details above small stream; under Metrosideros, Clermontia, Broussaisia Preserved_Specimen Harrison, B. 429 Maui BISH 1973-08-14
59 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Vegetation: Metrosideros, Acacia, Myrsine, Cheirodendron, Coprosma, Vaccinium, Melicope, Lwotecophylla, Ilex, Rubus, Dryopteris, Diplazium, Sadleria, Athyrium, Asplenium, Elaphoglossum, Peperomia, Uncinia, Stenogyne, Carex, Astelia, Holcus, Anthoxanthum, Prunella Preserved_Specimen Four mature plants, plus 2 seedings and 1 sapling in this area. Branched at base, with 2-6 ramettes, latex white, stems armed with prickles, corolla dark purple Oppenheimer, H.L. 61006 Maui BISH 2010-06-08
60 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Montane native rainforest Preserved_Specimen 3 ft, dark purple flowers starting to rot Carter, I. 7 Maui BISH 2011-06-06
61 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details Hanging on cliff face under treefall. Vegetation: Metrosideros, cheirodendron, jBroussaisia, Ilex, Melicope, Myrsine, Coprosma, Rubus, Vaccinium, Leptecophylla, Sadleria, Dubautia, Pseudophegopteris, Athyrium, Dryopteris, Smilax, Arachniodes, Oreogrammitis, Peperomia, Pteris, Pneumatopteris, Marattia, Coniogramme, Elaphoglossum, Polystichum, Asplenium, Carex, Astelia, Uncinia Preserved_Specimen One plant 2m hanging on cliff face the other 3m with 13 flowering ramettes Oppenheimer, H.L. 51103 Maui BISH 2011-05-09
62 Cyanea horrida Locality redacted. Contact Bishop Museum Botany Department for details woods Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 177 Maui BISH 1919-07-01
Back to Top